Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (79 page)

8
. Wilder,
Ebony & Ivy
, 40.

9
. Takaki,
Different Mirror
, 63–68; Parent,
Foul Means
, 126–127, 143–146; Roediger,
How Race Survived U.S. History
, 19–20; Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom
, 252–270, 328–329.

10
. Silverman,
Life and Times of Cotton Mather;
Tony Williams,
The Pox and the Covenant: Mather, Franklin, and the Epidemic That Changed America’s Destiny
(Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2010), 34.

11
. Robert Middlekauff,
The Mathers: Three Generations of Puritan Intellectuals, 1596–1728
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), 198–199; Ralph Philip Boas and Louise Schutz Boas,
Cotton Mather: Keeper of the Puritan Conscience
(Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1964), 27–31.

12
. Greene,
The Negro in Colonial New England
, 237; Silverman,
Life and Times of Cotton Mather
, 31, 36–37, 159–160.

13
. Silverman,
Life and Times of Cotton Mather
, 15–17.

14
. Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom
, 314; Taylor,
Buying Whiteness
, 269.

15
. Silverman,
Life and Times of Cotton Mather
, 41.

16
. Slep Stuurman, “Francois Bernier and the Invention of Racial Classification,”
History Workshop Journal
50 (2000): 1–2; Francois Bernier, “A New Division of the Earth,”
History Workshop Journal
51 (2001): 247–250.

CHAPTER 5: BLACK HUNTS

1
. Silverman,
Life and Times of Cotton Mather
, 55–72.

2
. Ibid., 53–79.

3
. Washington,
Anti-Blackness
, 273; Silverman,
Life and Times of Cotton Mather
, 84–85.

4
. Taylor,
Buying Whiteness
, 306–307; Thomas,
Slave Trade
, 454; Hughes,
Versions of Blackness
, xi–xii; Jordan,
White over Black
, 9, 27–28; Washington,
Anti-Blackness
, 228–229.

5
. Philip Jenkins,
Intimate Enemies: Moral Panics in Contemporary Great Britain
(New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1992), 3–5; Silverman,
Life and Times of Cotton Mather
, 84–85.

6
. Edward J. Blum and Paul Harvey,
The Color of Christ: The Son of God & the Saga of Race in America
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012), 20–21, 27, 40–41; Silverman,
Life and Times of Cotton Mather
, 88–89.

7
. Charles Wentworth Upham,
Salem Witchcraft; with an Account of Salem Village, a History of Opinions on Witchcraft and Kindred Subjects
, vol. 1 (Boston: Wiggin and Lunt, 1867), 411–412; Blum and Harvey,
The Color of Christ
, 27–28; Boas and Boas,
Cotton Mather
, 109–110.

8
. Silverman,
Life and Times of Cotton Mather
, 94; Williams,
The Pox and the Covenant
, 38; Boas and Boas,
Cotton Mather
, 89.

9
. Boas and Boas,
Cotton Mather
, 119.

10
. Silverman,
Life and Times of Cotton Mather
, 83–120; Thomas N. Ingersoll, “‘Riches and Honour Were Rejected by Them as Loathsome Vomit’: The Fear of Leveling in New England,” in
Inequality in Early America
, ed. Carla Gardina Pestana and Sharon Vineberg Salinger (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999), 46–54.

11
. Washington,
Anti-Blackness
, 185–186, 257, 280–281; Daniel K. Richter, “‘It Is God Who Had Caused Them to Be Servants’: Cotton Mather and Afro-American Slavery in New England,”
Bulletin of the Congregational Library
30, no. 3 (1979): 10–11; Greene,
The Negro in Colonial New England
, 265–267.

12
. Washington,
Anti-Blackness
, 184–185, 273–277.

13
. Cotton Mather,
Diary of Cotton Mather, 1681–1724
, 2 vols., vol. 1 (Boston: The Society, 1911), 226–229; Silverman,
Life and Times of Cotton Mather
, 262–263; Parent,
Foul Means
, 86–89.

14
. Samuel Clyde McCulloch, “Dr. Thomas Bray’s Trip to Maryland: A Study in Militant Anglican Humanitarianism,”
William and Mary Quarterly
2, no. 1 (1945): 15; C. E. Pierre, “The Work of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts Among the Negroes in the Colonies,”
Journal of Negro History
1, no. 4 (1916): 350–351, 353, 357; Wilder,
Ebony & Ivy
, 42.

15
. Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom
, 348–351; Parke Rouse,
James Blair of Virginia
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971), 16–22, 25–26, 30, 37–38, 40, 43, 71–73, 145, 147–148; Albert J. Raboteau,
Slave Religion: The “Invisible Institution” in the Antebellum South
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 100.

16
. Silverman,
Life and Times of Cotton Mather
, 241–242.

CHAPTER 6: GREAT AWAKENING

1
. Samuel Sewall and Sidney Kaplan,
The Selling of Joseph: A Memorial
(North-hampton, MA: Gehenna Press, 1968).

2
. Greene,
The Negro in Colonial New England
, 22.

3
. Albert J. Von Frank, “John Saffin: Slavery and Racism in Colonial Massachusetts,”
Early American Literature
29, no. 3 (1994): 254.

4
. Greene,
The Negro in Colonial New England
, 259–260, 296–297; Lawrence W. Towner, “The Sewall-Saffin Dialogue on Slavery,”
William and Mary Quarterly
21, no. 1 (1964): 40–52.

5
. Parent,
Foul Means
, 120–123; Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom
, 330–344; Greene,
The Negro in Colonial New England
, 171.

6
. Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 39–40.

7
. Cotton Mather,
The Negro Christianized
(Boston: Bartholomew Green, 1706), 1–2, 14–16.

8
. Silverman,
Life and Times of Cotton Mather
, 264–265; Wilder,
Ebony & Ivy
, 85.

9
. Towner, “The Sewall-Saffin Dialogue,” 51–52; Juan González and Joseph Torres,
News for All the People: The Epic Story of Race and the American Media
(London: Verso, 2011), 20, 24; Greene,
The Negro in Colonial New England
, 33.

10
. A. Judd Northrup,
Slavery in New York: A Historical Sketch
, State Library Bulletin History (Albany: University of the State of New York, 1900), 267–272; Pierre, “Work of the Society,” 356–358; Herbert Aptheker,
American Negro Slave Revolts
(New York: International Publishers, 1963), 172–173.

11
. Greene,
The Negro in Colonial New England
, 23–30, 73.

12
. Williams,
The Pox and the Covenant
, 2–4, 25, 29, 33–34.

13
. Arthur Allen,
Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine’s Greatest Lifesaver
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 36–37.

14
. Silverman,
Life and Times of Cotton Mather
, 197, 254; Cotton Mather,
Diary of Cotton Mather, 1681–1724
, 2 vols., vol. 2 (Boston: The Society, 1911), 620–621; Williams,
The Pox and the Covenant
, 42–43.

15
. Williams,
The Pox and the Covenant
, 73–74, 81–82, 117–118.

16
. David Waldstreicher,
Runaway America: Benjamin Franklin, Slavery, and the American Revolution
(New York: Hill and Wang, 2004), 40–43; John B. Blake,
Public Health in the Town of Boston, 1630–1822
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959), 53–61; Williams,
The Pox and the Covenant
, 102.

17
. Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 25; Williams,
The Pox and the Covenant
, 190–191.

18
. Irons,
Origins of Proslavery Christianity
, 30; Greene,
The Negro in Colonial New England
, 260–261; Thomas,
Slave Trade
, 474.

19
. Parent,
Foul Means
, 159–162, 236–237, 249–250; Wilder,
Ebony & Ivy
, 43; Irons,
Origins of Proslavery Christianity
, 31–32; Rouse,
James Blair of Virginia
, 32–36.

20
. Greene,
The Negro in Colonial New England
, 275–276; Jon Sensbach, “Slaves to Intolerance: African American Christianity and Religious Freedom in Early America,” in
The First Prejudice: Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America
, ed. Chris Beneke and Christopher S. Grenda (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), 208–209; Kenneth P. Minkema, “Jonathan Edwards’s Defense of Slavery,”
Massachusetts Historical Review
4 (2002): 23, 24, 40; Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 40–41.

21
. Silverman,
Life and Times of Cotton Mather
, 372–419.

22
. Samuel Mather,
The Life of the Very Reverend and Learned Cotton Mather
(Boston: Applewood Books, 2009), 108.

CHAPTER 7: ENLIGHTENMENT

1
. Parent,
Foul Means
, 169–170.

2
. Benjamin Franklin, “A Proposal for Promoting Useful Knowledge Among the British Plantations in America,”
Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York
1, no. 1 (1815): 89–90.

3
. Benjamin Franklin,
Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries
(Tarrytown, NY: W. Abbatt, 1918), 10.

4
. Thomas,
Slave Trade
, 319, 325–327.

5
. Malachy Postlethwayt,
The African Trade, the Great Pillar
(London, 1745), 4.