Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937-1945 (72 page)

15. FRUS, 1942: China (January 7, 1942), 193. Thorne,
Allies of a Kind
, 181.

16. Thorne,
Allies of a Kind
, 183.

17. Hans J. van de Ven,
War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945
(London, 2003), 25.

18. Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby,
Thunder out of China
(New York, 1946), 146.

19. Barbara W. Tuchman,
Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945
(New York, 1971), 251.

20. Lloyd E. Eastman, “Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945,” in Eastman et al.,
The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949
(Cambridge, 1991), 145.

21. Barbara D. Metcalf and Thomas R. Metcalf,
A Concise History of India
(Cambridge, 2002), 200.

22. Jay Taylor,
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Making of Modern China
(Cambridge, MA, 2009), 194.

23. Metcalf and Metcalf,
A Concise History of India
, 201–202.

24. Guido Samarani, “Shaping the Future of Asia: Chiang Kai-shek, Nehru, and China-India Relations during the Second World War Period,” LSE working paper,
http://www.ace.lu.se/images/Syd_och_sydostasienstudier/working_papers/Samarani.pdf
.

25. CKSD (Box 47, folder 7), February 27, 1942.

26. CKSD, February 15, 1942.

27. Ibid., February 19, 1942.

28. B. K. Mishra,
The Cripps Mission: An Appraisal
(Delhi, 1982), 48.

29. “Gao Indu guomin shu” [“To the Indian People”], ZT, 289–292.

30. CKSD, February 21, 1942.

31. “Fangwen Indu de ganxiang yu duiyu Taipingyang zhanju de guancha” [“Feelings on Visiting India and Viewpoint on the Pacific War Situation”] (March 9, 1942), in
Zongtong Jiang gong sixiang yanlun zongji
[
Collection of the Thought and Speeches of President Chiang Kai-shek
], at
www.chungcheng.org.tw/thought/class06/0019/0008.htm
, 56.

32. Joseph W. Stilwell, ed. Theodore H. White,
The Stilwell Papers
(Beijing, 2003) [originally New York, 1948] [hereafter SP], 14 January 1942, 14.

33. Tuchman,
Stilwell
, 172.

34. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 191.

35. NARA (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC) RG 493 (171 [3]).

36. Xu Wancheng,
Chongqing Huaxu
[
Chongqing Gossip
] (Shanghai, 1946) [hereafter CQHX], 7.

37. Graham Peck,
Two Kinds of Time
(Seattle, 2008) [originally published Boston, 1950], 384.

38. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 194.

39. Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland,
China-Burma-India Theater: Time Runs Out in CBI
(Washington, DC, 1959), 19.

40. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 23.

41. Ibid., 29.

42. SP, January 24, 1942, 26.

43. See Xu Guoqi,
China and the Great War: China’s Pursuit of a New National Identity and Internationalization
(Cambridge, 2005). Thorne,
Allies of a Kind
, 187, 189 (regarding the British fear of Chinese nationalism).

44. Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper,
Forgotten Armies: Britain’s Asian Empire and the War with Japan
(London, 2004), 156–166; Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 30.

45. SP, March 6, 1942, 43.

46. Ibid., March 9, 1942, 44. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 197. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 31.

47. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 26.

48. SP, March 14, 1942, 53.

49. Ibid., March 12, 1942, 51.

50. Ibid., March 19, 1942, 55.

51. Ibid., March 23, 1942, 59.

52. Ibid., March 24, 1942, 59–60.

53. Ibid., March 25–26, 1942, 60–61. Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies
, 180, notes the long-lasting and devastating effects that this would have on the Burmese economy.

54. CKSD, March 29, 1942, cited in Yang Tianshi,
Kangzhan yu Zhanhou Zhongguo
[
China during the War of Resistance and the Postwar
] (Beijing, 2007), 386.

55. SP, April 1, 1942, 65–67.

56. White and Jacoby,
Thunder
, 147.

57. CKSD, April 8, 1942, cited in Yang Tianshi,
Kangzhan yu Zhanhou Zhongguo
[
China during the War of Resistance and the Postwar
] (Beijing, 2007), 387.

58. SP, April 1, 1942, 68.

59. Ibid., April 2, 1942, 68.

60. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 202; Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 32.

61. SP, April 20, 1942, 76.

62. Ibid., April 30, 1942, 80.

63. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 204.

64. Ibid., 204–205.

65. CKSD, May 6, 1942, cited in Yang,
Kangzhan
, 387.

66. SP, May 14, 1942. Tuchman,
Stilwell
, 298.

67. SP, May 26, 1942, 89.

68. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 203–204.

69. CKSD, May 1942, cited in Wang, “Xinren de liushi,” 52.

70. Luo Gu,
Zhanzheng zhi MianYin
[
India and Burma in War
] (Shanghai, 1945), June 4–August 4, 1942, 35–75.

71. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 206–207.

72. Ibid., 207–208.

73. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 35.

74. Wang, “Xinren de liushi,” 52.

75. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 209. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 34–35.

76. NARA, RG 493 (616/178).

14.
HUNGER IN HENAN

1. Li Shu, “Zaiqu xilie tongxun yu Yuzai jianying” [“A Series of Communications from the Disaster Area and the Outline of the Henan Disaster”], in Song Zhixin, ed.,
1942: Henan da jihuang
[
1942: The Great Henan Famine
], 66.

2. Ibid., 79.

3. Graham Peck,
Two Kinds of Time
(Seattle, 2008) [originally published Boston, 1950], 386.

4. Zhang Rixin, ed.,
Jiang Jingguo riji (1925–1949)
[
Chiang Ching-kuo’s Diary
] (Beijing, 2010) (June 26, 1940), 55–56.

5. Zhang Rixin, ed.,
Jiang Jingguo riji
(September 14, 1942), 107.

6. Arthur N. Young,
China’s Wartime Finance and Inflation, 1937–1945
(Cambridge, MA, 1965), 23.

7. Hans J. van de Ven,
War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945
(London, 2003), 277.

8. Brian G. Martin, “Shield of Collaboration: The Wang Jingwei Regime’s Security Service, 1939–1945,”
Intelligence and National Security
16:4 (2001), 117.

9. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 269.

10. Ibid., 276.

11. Ibid., 263.

12. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
. Zhang Zonglu, “1942 nian Henan dahuang de huiyi” [“Memories of the Great 1942 Henan Famine”], in Song Zhixin,
1942: Henan
, 144.

13. Zhang, “1942 nian Henan,” 144.

14. Ibid., 145.

15. Ibid., 150.

16. Ibid., 151.

17. Liu Zhenyun,
Mangu 1942
[
Looking Back on 1942
] (Beijing, 2009).

18. Zhang, “1942 nian Henan,” 151. Li Shu, “Zaiqu xilie,” 107.

19. “Quequ canshi jilu” [“Records of Horrors in the Flood Zones”],
Weishi Wenshi ziliao
, no. 5, 70.

20. Li Shu, “Zaiqu xilie,” 111.

21. Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby,
Thunder out of China
(New York, 1946), 166.

22. “Until the Harvest Is Reaped,”
Time
, March 22, 1943.

23. White and Jacoby,
Thunder
, 177.

24. Zhang, “1942 nian Henan,” 148.

25. CKSD, April 5, 1943, April 11, 1943.

26. Ibid., April 18, 1943, April 20, 1943.

27. R. Keith Schoppa,
In a Sea of Bitterness: Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War
(Cambridge, MA, 2011).

28. Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper,
Forgotten Armies: Britain’s Asian Empire and the War with Japan
(London, 2004), 285–286. For a comparative analysis of wartime famine, see Sugata Bose, “Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–1945,”
Modern Asian Studies
24:4 (October 1990).

29. On rural involution, see Prasenjit Duara,
Culture, Power, and the State: Rural North China, 1900–1942
(Stanford, CA, 1988).

30. Young,
China’s Wartime Finance
, 23.

31. Frank Dikötter,
Mao’s Great Famine: The History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962
(London, 2010).

32. Young,
China’s Wartime Finance
, 25–26.

33. Ibid., 299.

34. Ibid., 302.

35. Ibid., 319.

36. CQHX, 29.

37. Ibid., 30.

38. Peck,
Two Kinds of Time
, 385, 386.

39. CQHX, 5.

40. Young,
China’s Wartime Finance
, 320.

41. Ibid., 321.

42. Ibid., 323.

43. QDHF, 400–401.

44. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 270.

45. Peck,
Two Kinds of Time
, 478.

46. Lyman P. Van Slyke, “The Chinese Communist Movement during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945,” in Lloyd E. Eastman et al.,
The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949
(Cambridge, 1991), 252–253.

47. “Economic and Financial Problems in the Anti-Japanese War” (December 1942), in Mao Zedong,
Selected Works
, vol. III (Beijing, 1967) [hereafter MSW], 111.

48. Van Slyke, “The Communist Movement,” 253–254.

49. “Economic and Financial Problems in the Anti-Japanese War,” 111, 114.

50. Van Slyke, “The Communist Movement,” 254–255.

51. Chen Yung-fa, “The Blooming Poppy under the Red Sun: The Yan’an Way and the Opium Trade,” in Tony Saich and Hans van de Ven,
New Perspectives on the Chinese Communist Revolution
(Armonk, NY, 1995).

52. QDHF, 400.

15.
STATES OF TERROR

1. “Rectify the Party’s Style of Work” (February 1, 1942), Mao Zedong,
Selected Works
, vol. III (Beijing, 1967) [hereafter MSW], 35, 39, 44.

2. Peter Vladimirov,
The Vladimirov Diaries: Yenan, 1942–1945
(New York, 1975) [hereafter PVD], May 22 and 29, 1942. Vladimirov’s real name was Piotr Parfenovich Vlasov. The authenticity of the Vladimirov diaries was questioned when they were first published in the West. After the Russian materials from which they were translated were made available after the Cold War, it became clear that while the Soviet authorities had manipulated the order of the material and deleted some of it to serve their purpose of worsening Mao’s reputation, the contents were in line with what Vladimirov had written.

3. Frederic Wakeman Jr.,
Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service
(Berkeley, CA, 2003), 388–389, fn 40, 39. On the role of Keswick, SOE, and the British in China, see Richard Aldrich,
Intelligence and the War against Japan: Britain, America, and the Politics of Secret Service
(Cambridge, 2000), chapter 15.

4. Wakeman,
Spymaster
, 333–334, 337.

5. Yu Maochun,
OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War
(New Haven, CT, 1997), 43–44. On Yan Baohang’s career as an activist for the northeastern cause, see Rana Mitter, “Complicity, Repression, and Regionalism: Yan Baohang and Centripetal Nationalism, 1931–1949,”
Modern China
25:1 (January 1999).

6. John Israel,
Lianda:
A Chinese University in War and Revolution
(Stanford, CA, 1998).