Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937-1945 (71 page)

68. Van Slyke, “Chinese Communist Movement,” 188–189.

69. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 171.

70. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 220.

11.
FLIGHT INTO THE UNKNOWN

1. ZFHR, November 26–December 1, 1938.

2. Gao Zongwu,
Gao Zongwu huiyilu
[
The Memoirs of Gao Zongwu
] (Beijing, 2009) [hereafter GZW], 30.

3. GZW, 30–32.

4. ZFHR, December 1 and 3, 1938.

5. Ibid., December 5, 1938.

6. Jbid., December 5, 7, and 8, 1938.

7. Ibid., December 9, 12, and 17, 1938.

8. “Wei guojun tuichu Wuhan gao quanguo guomin shu” [“A Message to the Whole Nation about the Withdrawal from Wuhan”] (October 31, 1938), ZT, vol. 30, 305.

9. “Wei guojun tuichu,” 301–302.

10. Drea and Van de Ven, “Overview,” in Mark Peattie, Edward Drea, and Hans van de Ven,
The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945
(Stanford, CA, 2011), 35.

11. “Di yi ci Nanyue junshi huiyi kaihui xunci” [“Opening Speech to the First Nanyue Military Conference”], ZT (November 25, 1938), 486–487.

12. “Di yi ci Nanyue junshi huiyi,” 486–510.

13. “Di yi ci Nanyue junshi huiyi xunci (4),” ZT, 545, 546.

14. Hans J. van de Ven,
War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945
(London, 2003), 232.

15. “Di yi ci Nanyue junshi huiyi,” 486–510.

16. GZW, 26.

17. However, the volume for 1939 is missing.

18. John Hunter Boyle,
China and Japan at War, 1937–1945: The Politics of Collaboration
(Stanford, CA, 1972), 168–169.

19. Ibid., 168.

20. ZHFR, August 21, 1937.

21. Ibid., August 16 and 17, 1937; GZW, 30.

22. Boyle,
China and Japan at War
, 168.

23. ZFHR, August 30 and 31, 1937, September 1 and 3, 1937, and September 11, 1937.

24. Boyle,
China and Japan at War
, 141.

25. Ibid., 179–187.

26. Ibid., 187.

27. Huang Meizhen and Yang Hanqing, “Nationalist China’s Negotiating Position during the Stalemate, 1938–1945,” in David P. Barrett and Larry N. Shyu,
Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–1945: The Limits of Accommodation
(Stanford, CA, 2001), 57.

28. ZHFR, October 30, 1938, November 15 and 23, 1938.

29. Ibid., October 30, 1938.

30. Boyle,
China and Japan at War
, 195–199.

31. ZFHR, December 19, 1938.

32. GZW, 29–30.

33. Ibid., 30.

34. ZFHR, December 20, 1938.

35. ZFHR, December 21 and 26, 1938.

36. Boyle,
China and Japan at War
, 212–213.

37. CKSD (Box 40, Folder 2), December 21, 1938.

38. Boyle,
China and Japan at War
, 213.

39. Pei-kai Cheng and Michael Lestz with Jonathan D. Spence, “Generalissimo Chiang Assails Prince Konoye’s Statement,” in
The Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection
(New York, 1999), 321.

40. Boyle,
China and Japan at War
, 223–224.

41. ZFHR, December 27, 29, and 31, 1938.

12.
THE ROAD TO PEARL HARBOR

1. Ye Chao, “Wannan shibian jingguo de huigu” [“Looking back on my Experiences during the Wannan Incident”],
Anhui wenshi ziliao
, vol. 6 (telegram from 26 December 1940), 5.

2. Hans J. van de Ven,
War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945
(London, 2003), 237–239.

3. Ibid., 240–246.

4. Christopher Thorne,
Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War against Japan, 1941–1945
(Oxford, 1978), 52.

5. John Garver, “China’s Wartime Diplomacy,” in James C. Hsiung and Steven I. Levine, eds.,
China’s Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945
(Armonk, NY, 1992), 10–11.

6. Ibid., 13.

7. For the most comprehensive account of this campaign, see the monumental book by Alvin D. Coox,
Nomonhan: Japan against Russia, 1939
(Stanford, CA, 1985).

8. Garver, “China’s Wartime Diplomacy,” 16.

9. John Hunter Boyle,
China and Japan at War, 1937–1945: The Politics of Collaboration
(Stanford, CA, 1972), 243–246.

10. Ibid., 246.

11. Ibid., chapter 13.

12. GZW, 74–75.

13. Boyle,
China and Japan at War
, 279.

14. ZFHR, January 13, 1940, 230.

15. Ibid., January 26, 1940, 237.

16. Boyle,
China and Japan at War
, 282–285.

17. The newspaper
Zhonghua ribao
[hereafter ZHRB], March 30, 1940.

18. ZFHR, March 30, 1940, March 31, 1940, 272–273.

19. Boyle,
China and Japan at War
, 304.

20. FRUS, 1940, vol. IV (February 17, 1940), 287.

21. Garver, “China’s Wartime Diplomacy,” 8–9.

22. Boyle,
China and Japan at War
, 303.

23. ZFHR, May 13, 1940, 280.

24. Huang Meizhen and Yang Hanqing, “Nationalist China’s Negotiating Position during the Stalemate, 1938–1945,” in David P. Barrett and Larry N. Shyu,
Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–1945: The Limits of Accommodation
(Stanford, CA, 2001), 65.

25. FRUS, 1940, vol. IV (January 15, 1940), 263.

26. Huang and Yang, “Nationalist China’s Negotiating Position,” 61.

27. Boyle,
China and Japan at War
, 303–305; Jay Taylor,
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Making of Modern China
(Cambridge, MA, 2009), 174–175.

28. “Persist in Long-term Cooperation between the Guomindang and the Communist Party,” MZD, vol. VI, 153.

29. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 166–167.

30. Lloyd E. Eastman, “Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945,” in Lloyd E. Eastman et al.,
The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949
(Cambridge, 1991), 152–160.

31. Lyman P. Van Slyke, “The Chinese Communist Movement during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945,” in Eastman et al.,
The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949
, 253.

32. Ibid., 254–255.

33. Ibid., 244–245.

34. Wang Jianguo, “Gu Zhutong yu Wannan shibian” [“Gu Zhutong and the Wannan Incident”],
KangRi zhanzheng yanjiu
3 (1993), 197. Gregor Benton,
New Fourth Army: Communist Resistance Along the Yangtze and the Huai, 1938–1941
(Berkeley, CA, 1999), 515–516.

35. For instance, “It is best that the forces south of the river move to southern Jiangsu in groups” (December 30, 1940), and “Smash the Guomindang’s offensive and bring about a change for the better in the situation” (December 31, 1940), MZD, vol. 6, 610, 611. Benton,
New Fourth Army
, 513.

36. “Mao Zedong and Zhu De to Zhou Enlai and Ye Jianying concerning the negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek on the New Fourth Army’s route for moving northward” (December 25, 1940), MZD, vol. 6, 593. Benton,
New Fourth Army
, 530.

37. Benton,
New Fourth Army
, 530.

38. Dong Nancai, “Wannan shibian tuwei ji” [“A Record of Breaking out of Encirclement during the Wannan Incident”],
Yuhuan wenshi ziliao
, vol. 3 (January 5, 1941), 79.

39. Dong Nancai, “Wannan shibian,” 81.

40. Benton,
New Fourth Army
, 572.

41. Zhang Guangyu and Li Zhongyuan, “Xinsijun zai Wannan shibian zhong junshi shiwu yu jiaoxun zai shentao” [“An Investigation into the Mistakes and Lessons of the Wannan Incident”],
Wuhan daxue xuebao
6 (1992), 72.

42. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 176–177.

43. “To Zhou Enlai and Ye Jianying concerning political and military preparations for an overall counterattack” (January 15, 1941), MZD, vol. 6, 637.

44. “Chiang and the Communists,”
Time
, February 3, 1941.

45. Benton,
New Fourth Army
, 597.

46. FRUS, 1940, vol. IV, January 3, 1941, 477.

47. Ibid., 479.

48. “On New Democracy” (January 15, 1940), MZD, vol. VII, 340, 351, and 355.

49. Federica Ferlanti, “The New Life Movement in Jiangxi Province, 1934–1938,”
Modern Asian Studies
5:44 (2010).

50. SMA: Q130–1–1; R18–1–321; R48–1–801.

51. See Mitter,
Manchurian Myth
, chapters 3 and 4.

52. Wang Jianguo, “Qingxiang yundong yu Li Shiqun zhi si” [“The ‘qingxiang’ Campaign and the Death of Li Shiqun”], in
Anhui shixue
6 (2004), 56–57.

53. Hu Jucheng, “Jiang Weiqing yu Sunan fan ‘qingxiang’” [“Jiang Weiqing and Opposing ‘qingxiang’ in Sunan”], in
Tiejun
11 (2011), 9.

54. Hu Jucheng, “Jiang Weiqing,” 9–10.

55. Xie Shilian, ed.,
Chuanyu da hongzha
(The Great Bombing of Sichuan and Chongqing)
, (Chengdu, Xinan jiaotong daxue chubanshe, 2005), 76–89.

56. FRUS, 1940, vol. IV, January 3, 1941, 484.

57. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 181–183.

58. On Stalin’s refusal to accept German hostility, see Constantine Pleshakov,
Stalin’s Folly: The Tragic First Ten Days of WWII on the Eastern Front
(Boston, MA, 2005).

59. “Decision Regarding the International United Front against Fascism,” MZD, vol. VII (June 23, 1941), 764.

60. ZFHR, June 22, 1941, 481.

61. Ibid., June 29, 1941, 484.

62. Mikiso Hane,
Modern Japan: A Historical Survey
(Boulder, CO, 1992), 298–308.

63. David A. Titus, “Introduction,” in James W. Morley, ed.,
The Final Confrontation: Japan’s Negotiations with the United States, 1941
(New York, 1994), xxiii.

64. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 179.

65. Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland,
Stilwell’s Mission to China
(Washington DC, 1953), 30–31.

66. Yu Maochun,
OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War
(New Haven, CT, 1997), 25.

67. Gerhard Weinberg,
A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 2005), 252–264.

68. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 188.

69. ZFHR, December 8, 1941, 548.

13.
DESTINATION BURMA

1. Yale Divinity Library (RG08, Box 31), Velva V. Brown, MD [hereafter VVB], letter of October 4, 1937.

2. VVB, letter of November 17, 1941, from the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society to “Friends and relatives of East and South China missionaries.”

3. Robert J. C. Butow,
Tojo and the Coming of the War
(Stanford, CA, 1969), 402.

4. VVB, letter of December 7, 1941, from the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society to “Friends and relatives of all missionaries in the Far East.”

5. VVB, letter of September 1, 1942, from VVB to “friends and family.”

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. “Zhonghua minguo 31 nian yuadan gao quanguo junmin tongbao shu” (“Letter to the Soldiers and People of the Whole Country on New Year’s Day, 1942”), at
http://www.chungcheng.org.tw/thought/class07/0016/0001.htm
, 275–282.

9. CKSD (December 1941 monthly reflection).

10. CKSD, December 27, 1941, cited in Wang Jianlang, “Xinren de liushi: cong Jiang Jieshi riji kan kangRi zhanhou qi de ZhongMei guanxi” [“The Erosion of Trust: Sino-American Relations for the Postwar Period as Seen through Chiang Kai-shek’s Diary”],
Jindaishi yanjiu
3 (2009), 50.

11. CKSD (Box 41, folder 18), December 15, 1941.

12. CKSD, December 17, 1941.

13. Ibid., December 20, 1941.

14. Christopher Thorne,
Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War against Japan, 1941–1945
(Oxford, 1978), 189.