Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937-1945 (74 page)

32. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 282. Wang Qisheng, “Battle of Hunan,” 407–413.

33. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 55; Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 277.

34. CKSD, April 15, 1944, May 15, 1944, and August 1, 1944, cited in Wang Jianlang, “Cong Jiang Jieshi riji kan kangRi zhanhou qi de ZhongYingMei guanxi” [“Chinese-British-American Relations in Wartime and After, Seen through Chiang Kai-shek’s Diary”],
Minguo dang’an
4 (2008), 107.57.

35. FRUS, 1944: China [Wallace Visit, June 1944] (July 10, 1944), 242.

36. FRUS, 1944: China (June 12, 1944), 98–99.

37. Ibid. (January 15, 1944), 308.

38. Ibid., 306–307.

39. SP, n.d., 1944, 268.

40. CKSD, March 24, 1944, cited in Wang, “Cong Jiang Jieshi,” 56.

41. FRUS, 1944: China (Wallace Visit), July 10, 1944, 241.

42. CKSD, July 26, 1944, cited in Wang, “Cong Jiang Jieshi,” 56.

43. PVD, July 15, 1944, 229–230.

44. Ibid., July 22, 1944, 233.

45. Ibid., September 10, 1944, 253.

46. FRUS, 1944: China (July 28, 1944), 518.

47. On Communist adaptations of traditional folk art forms, see Chang-tai Hung,
War and Popular Culture: Resistance in Modern China, 1937–1945
(Berkeley, CA, 1994).

48. FRUS, 1944: China (July 28, 1944), 517–520.

49. Ibid. (September 4, 1944), 553.

50. PVD, August 16, 1944, 240.

51. FRUS, 1944: China (July 27, 1944), 523.

52. SP, “reek of corruption.”

53. Michael Sheng,
Battling Western Imperialism: Mao, Stalin, and the United States
(Princeton, NJ, 1997), 74, 90.

54. FRUS, 1944: China (September 1, 1944), 534.

55. PVD, September 7, 1944, 252.

56. Huang,
Wode zhanzheng
, 61–62.

57. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 51.

58. SP, Letter (probably June 15, 1944), JWS to Mrs. JWS, 256.

59. Ibid. (probably July 2, 1944), JWS to Mrs. JWS, 258.

60. Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies
, 390.

61. Ibid.

62. FRUS, 1944: China (June 15, 1944), 100.

63. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 309.

64. Huang,
Wode zhanzheng
, 76–77.

18.
SHOWDOWN WITH STILWELL

1. SP, 19 September 1944, 281.

2. Jay Taylor,
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
(Cambridge, MA, 2007), 288.

3. CKSD, August 17–28, 1944, and September 2, 1944, in Wang Jianlang, “Xinren de liushi: cong Jiang Jieshi riji kan kangRi zhanhou qi de ZhongMei guanxi” [“The Erosion of Trust: Sino-American Relations for the Postwar Period as Seen through Chiang Kai-shek’s Diary”],
Jindaishi yanjiu
3 (2009), 56.

4. Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland,
China-Burma-India Theater: Time Runs Out in CBI
(Washington, DC, 1959), 19.

5. CKSD, August 29, 1944, in Wang, “Xinren de liushi,” 60.

6. Ibid., August 31, 1944, in Wang, “Xinren de liushi,” 60.

7. FRUS, 1944: China 1944 (September 4, 1944), 546.

8. CKSD, August 6, 1944, in Wang, “Xinren de liushi,” 56.

9. SP, September 9, 1944, 276.

10. Ibid., September 15, 1944, 279. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 285.

11. CKSD (September 15, 1944), in Wang, “Xinren de liushi,” 59.

12. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 286.

13. FRUS, 1944: China (September 16, 1944), 157.

14. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 288. Barbara Tuchman,
Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945
(New York, 1971), 494.

15. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 289–290.

16. SP, September 21, 1944 (letter to Mrs. Stilwell), 282.

17. FRUS, 1944: China (October 2, 1944), 163.

18. Ibid., 164.

19. Long Yun to He Yingqin, telegram of January 22, 1944, cited in Zhang Zhenli, “Cong minguo dang’an kan 1944 nian zhu Zhen meijun roulei gongying fengbo” [“The 1944 Crisis over Beef Supply for the American Army”],
Yunnan dang’an
(December 2011), 21.

20. Chiang to Long Yun, telegram September 11, 1944; Long Yun to Chiang, September 18, 1944, cited in Zhang, “Cong minguo . . . fengbo,” 20.

21. Lloyd E. Eastman, “Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945,” in Lloyd E. Eastman et al.,
The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949
(Cambridge, 1991), 157.

22. CKSD, September 1944, monthly reflections, cited in Wang, “Xinren de liushi,” 60.

23. Tuchman,
Stilwell
, 495; Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 291.

24. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 292.

25. FRUS, 1944: China (October 5, 1944), 165.

26. SP (n.d.), October 1944, October 1, 1944, 287–288.

27. SP, October 7, 1944, 289.

28. FRUS, 1944: China (October 9, 1944 [note]), 169.

29. SP, October 20, 1944, 293.

30. Ibid., October 24, 1944, 293.

31. Hans J. van de Ven,
War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945
(London, 2003), articulates this argument with great clarity; see especially chapter 1.

32. Graham Peck,
Two Kinds of Time
(Seattle, 2008) [originally published Boston, 1950], 582.

19.
UNEXPECTED VICTORY

1. Barbara Tuchman,
Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945
(New York, 1971), 505–506.

2. Tohmatsu Haruo, “The Strategic Correlation between the Sino-Japanese and Pacific Wars,” in Mark Peattie, Edward Drea, and Hans van de Ven,
The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese W
ar (Stanford, CA, 2011), 443–444.

3. Hara Takeshi, “The Ichigô Offensive,” in Peattie, Drea, and Van de Ven,
The Battle for China
, 394.

4. Ibid., 401.

5. CKSD, January 5–7, 1945, in Wang Jianlang, “Xinren de liushi: cong Jiang Jieshi riji kan kangRi zhanhou qi de ZhongMei guanxi” [“The Erosion of Trust: Sino-American Relations for the Postwar Period as Seen through Chiang Kai-shek’s Diary”],
Jindaishi yanjiu
3 (2009), 61.

6. Albert C. Wedemeyer,
Wedemeyer Reports!
(New York, 1958), 294.

7. CKSD, January 14, 1945, cited in Wang, “Xinren de liushi,” 61.

8. CKSD, December 22, 1944, cited in Wang, “Xinren de liushi,” 61.

9. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China and the Cold War
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2001), 22.

10. Lyman P. Van Slyke, “The Chinese Communist Movement during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945,” in Lloyd E. Eastman et al.,
The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949
(Cambridge, 1991), 279.

11. PVD, November 8, 44, 287.

12. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China
, 24.

13. “The Hurley-Chiang Duet Is a Flop” (July 10, 1945), MSW, 281.

14. Herbert Feis,
The China Tangle: The American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission
(Princeton, NJ, 1953), 266–267.

15. Ibid., 271.

16. NARA, RG 493 (614/170 [8]).

17. FRUS, 1945: The Far East, China (March 13, 1945), 277, 279.

18. ZFHR, August 10, 1944, 909.

19. Ibid., November 11, 1944, 948.

20. Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland,
China-Burma-India Theater: Time Runs Out in CBI
(Washington, DC, 1959), 258.

21. Brian G. Martin, “Collaboration within Collaboration: Zhou Fohai’s Relations with the Chongqing Government, 1942–1945,”
Twentieth-Century China
34:2 (April 2008), 77.

22. John Hunter Boyle,
China and Japan at War, 1937–1945: The Politics of Collaboration
(Stanford, CA, 1972), 318.

23. On this period, see Julian Jackson,
France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944
(Oxford, 2003).

24. ZHFR, August 21, 1944, August 26, 1944.

25. Joseph K. S. Yick, “Communist-Puppet Collaboration in Japanese-Occupied China: Pan Hannian and Li Shiqun, 1939–1943,”
Intelligence and National Security
16:4 (2001), 76–78.

26. Jay Taylor,
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
(Cambridge, MA, 2007), 300–301; Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 806–807.

27. CKSD, February 10, 1945 (weekly reflection), February 17, 1945 (monthly reflection), cited in Wang, “Xinren de liushi,” 61–62.

28. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 302–303. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China
, 24.

29. Feis,
China Tangle
, 273.

30. “Hurley-Chiang Duet,” 282.

31. “On the Danger of the Hurley Policy” (July 12, 1945), MSW, 285.

32. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China
, 25.

33. CKSD, July 28, 1945, cited in Wang, “Xinren de liushi,” 62.

34. UNA (United Nations Organization Archives, New York): S-0528–0032 (Correspondence—Chungking to Washington, 1944–1946).

35. UNA S-0528–0053 (China Weekly Reports, 1941–945).

36. UNA S-0528–0032 (Correspondence, Chungking to Washington).

37. Tehyun Ma, “A Chinese Beveridge Plan? The Discourse of Social Security and the Postwar Reconstruction of China,”
European Journal of East Asian Studies
11:2 (2012).

38. See Janet Chen,
Guilty of Indigence: The Urban Poor in China, 1900–1953
(Princeton, NJ, 2012); and Ruth Rogaski,
Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-Port China
(Berkeley, CA, 2004).

39. Rogaski,
Hygienic Modernity
.

40. United Nations Archive (UNA) S-0528–0053 (China Weekly Reports, 1944–1945) (document not dated: July ?, 1945).

41. Ibid.

42. Sichuan Provincial Archives, 113–116.

43. See
European Journal of East Asian Studies
, 11:2 (2012).

44. Lloyd E. Eastman, “Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945,” in Lloyd E. Eastman et al.,
The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949
(Cambridge, 1991), 145.

45. UNA S-0528–0053 (China Weekly Reports, 1944–1945).

46. UNA S-0528–0060 (Hunan, 1944–1949).

47. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 305.

48. “The Foolish Old Man Who Moved the Mountains” (June 11, 1945), MSW, 272.

49. NARA, RG 493 (614/170 [8]).

50. On the Potsdam Declaration, see Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 837–841.

51. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 311.

52. Robert J. C. Butow,
Tojo and the Coming of the War
(Stanford, CA, 1969), 151.

53. Ibid., 154.

54. Ibid., 183–186.

55. CKSD, August 15, 1945, cited in Ye Yonglie, “Zai Meiguo kan Jiang Jieshi riji” [“Reading Chiang Kai-shek’s Diary in America”],
Tongzhou gongjin
2 (2008), 47.

56. “Kangzhan shengli gao quanguo junmin ji quan shijie renshi shu” (“Announcement to the Soldiers and People of the Whole Country and to the World on the Victory in the War of Resistance”), August 15, 1945, ZT, vol. 32, 121.

57. CKSD, August 15, 1945, in Ye Yonglie, “Zai Meiguo,” 47.

58. Taylor,
Generalissimo
, 314.

59. CKSD, August 15, 1945, in Ye Yonglie, “Zai Meiguo,” 47.

EPILOGUE: THE ENDURING WAR

1. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China and the Cold War
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2001), 26.

2. CKSD, August 15, 1945, in Ye Yonglie, “Zai Meiguo kan Jiang Jieshi riji” [“Reading Chiang Kai-shek’s Diary in America”],
Tongzhou gongjin
2 (2008), 47.

3. Jay Taylor,
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
(Cambridge, MA, 2007), 318; Chen Jian,
Mao’s China
, 27.