Cleopatra (48 page)

forced to flee
233

wills the Egyptian empire to the Romans
11
,
35
,
233–4

Ptolemy XI Alexander II, King of Egypt (80)

marries Cleopatra Berenice
10

murders his wife
11
,
234

killed by the people of Alexandria
11
,
78
,
234

Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (New Dionysos): ‘Auletes’ (Flute Player), King of Egypt (80–58, 55–51)
8
,
33
,
57
,
62
,
155
,
201

Cleopatra VII’s father
7

identification with Dionysos
11
,
12
,
139

crowned (76)
11
,
141

nicknames
13

marriage to Cleopatra V
23

task of preserving a dying dynasty
234–5

cooperation with Rome
34

levies stringent taxes
34
,
38
,
235

buys a few more years independence for Egypt
34

borrows from Rabirius
34
,
52

Berenice IV rules in his absence
35
,
235

restored to his throne
37
,
235
,
236

execution of Berenice IV
37
,
236

illegitimacy
27

manages to preserve his throne
40

investment in traditional temple building
40
,
121
,
126
,
244
n
21

donations to traditional gods
127

and Pasherenptah III
141
,
142

death
39
,
42

his will
39–40
,
43
,
49
,
58

Ptolemy XIII, King of Egypt (51–47)
8
,
27
,
32
,
95
,
122
,
170
,
235
,
467

education
32

joint reign with Cleopatra VII
5
,
40
,
42
,
44
,
46
,
58
,
94
,
237

decision to help Gnaeus Pompey
47–8

retrospectively claims sole rule
48

Pompey as his legal guardian
49

and murder of Pompey
51
,
237

controlled by a clique of advisers
53

bluffs Caesar
97

drowns
97
,
237

an imposter’s claim
155

Ptolemy XIV, King of Egypt (47–44)
8
,
27
,
95
,
106
,
122
,
170
,
235

king of Cyprus
58
,
237

co-regency with Cleopatra VII
5
,
97–8
,
101

undistinguished reign 347

death
102
,
108
,
110
,
237

Ptolemy XV Caesar Theos Philopator Philometor (Father-Loving, Mother-Loving God): ‘Caesarion’ (Little Caesar), King of Egypt (44–30)
8

birth of
100
,
109
,
121

and coinage
61
,
118
,
246
n
18
,
250
n
21

paternity issue
100–103
,
108

in Rome
104

not mentioned in Caesar’s will
107

Caesarion becomes Ptolemy XV
108

rules Egypt alongside his mother, Cleopatra VII
5
,
102
,
142–3
,
168–9
,
237

eighteen-day rule alone
198
,
237

betrayed and executed
122
,
198
,
237

Ptolemy Apion
231

Ptolemy Ceraunos
25
,
222
,
225

Ptolemy Eupator ([Born] of a Noble Father)
230
,
231–2

Ptolemy family

considered peripheral beings
3

foreigners in Egypt
3

self-preservation
219

survival of the ruthless as a cardinal rule
218–19

reforms by
15

appear traditionally Egyptian
16

use of the name ‘Cleopatra’
23–4

serial polygamy
27

fond of a good joke
156

Ptolemy Memphites (of Memphis)
231
,
232

Ptolemy of Cyprus, King of Cyprus (80–58)
35
,
190
,
234
,
235

Ptolemy of Mauretania
201
,
202
,
238

Ptolemy Philadelphos (Brother/Sister-Loving) (son of Cleopatra VII)
163
,
168
,
169
,
199
,
238

Q

queen consorts (‘king’s great wives’)
26
,
39
,
112

queens (‘king’s wives’)
26
,
69
,
111

queens regnant (‘female kings’)
26

R

Rabirius Postumus, Gaius
34
,
37–8
,
52
,
53

racism, institutional
19–20

Ramesses II ‘the Great’
32
,
39
,
91
,
92
,
121
,
129
,
244
n
20

Ramesses III
189

Raphia, battle of (217)
226
,
227

Rat-tawi (Female Sun of the Two Lands)
118
,
119

Re (sun god)
41
,
43
,
67
,
91
,
111
,
113
,
131
,
132
,
193

Red Sea
181
,
182

Renenutet (goddess of the harvest)
193–4

Rhakhotis (Ra-Kedet)
72
,
76
,
79

Rhea, Queen
25

Rhodes
35
,
158

Rhodon (Caesarion’s tutor)
198

Roman Civil War
48
,
52
,
175
,
236

Roman law
47
,
170

Romans

prevent Alexandria’s fall to the Syrians
229

annexation of Cyprus (58)
235

lunar and Julian calendars
xiv

Cleopatra makes personal alliances with
4

Octavian keen to flatter them
27

Rome
164
,
165

Ptolemy VI flees to (164)
229

Ptolemy VIII’s friendship with
230–31

legal claim to Egypt
11
,
33
,
233–4

disciplined strength of
2

a greedy, ever-expanding military nation
33

constant need for grain
33

Auletes bribes senators
34

‘first triumvirate’
34
,
243–4
n
17

sanctuary of Isis
68

celebrations on Caesar’s return (46)
103–4

Cleopatra VII in
104
,
105–6

second triumvirate
143
,
243–4
n
17

Octavian erodes support for Antony in
158

Egyptian culture invades Rome
203–4

Rome
(BBC television series)
258
n
15

Rosetta Stone
20
,
228

Roxanne (Alexander the Great’s Sogdian (Iranian) wife)
220

royal cults
38
,
133–4
,
224

royal family
15–16
,
24
,
25–6
,
28
,
82
,
133

Rubicon
47

Rullus, Publius Servillius
34

S

sacred rams
135–6

Sadalas of Thrace
177

St Peter’s Square, Vatican City
91

Sais (Sa el-Hagar)
71
,
91

Sakkara desert cemetery
70
,
129
,
130–31

Sakkara step pyramid
102

Salvius
50
,
51

Samos festival of music and drama
174

Samosata (Samsat)
160

Samothrace
225

Samson, Julia:
Nefertiti and Cleopatra
218

San Pietro e Marcellino, Church of, Via Labicana
68

Sardanapalus
197

Scarpus, Lucius Pinarius
181
,
184

scribes
15
,
19

Sekhmet (lion-headed goddess)
113

Selene
172

Seleucid empire
77
,
222

Seleucos (husband of Berenice IV)
36
,
235–6

Seleucos I
222

Seleucos (one of Cleopatra’s servants)
188

Seleucos (unsuccessful defender of Pelusium)
184

Semele
12

Semiramis
208

Senate House, Rome: statue of Victory in
204

Seneca
140

Septimus, Lucius
50
,
51

Serapeum (temple of Serapis)
89
,
90
,
130

Alexandria
168
,
225

Koptos
90

Memphite, Sakkara necropolis
101
,
130–31
,
142
,
161

ibis shrine of Thoth
136

Rome
90

Serapion, governor of Cyprus
143–4
,
149
,
154
,
155

Serapis (a god)
88–9

cult of
133

Servilia
49
,
56
,
103

Seth
24
,
115
,
116
,
117
,
118
,
122

Seti I
91

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
81

Shakespeare, William
48
,
198
,
217
,
258
n
14

Antony and Cleopatra
213
,
214–15

Coriolanus
213

Julius Caesar
213

Shu (dry god of the air)
24
,
67

Sibylline Oracles
175–6

Sicily
144

Siculus, Diodorus
13
,
128

Sinai
37

land bridge
76
,
184

Sinope
89

Siwa Oasis
221

temple of Jupiter-Ammon
74

oracle of Zeus-Ammon
133

slavery, slaves
20
,
56
,
85
,
95
,
146
,
158
,
170
,
186
,
243
n
14

Smyrna
144

snake-bite, suicide by
191–3

snakes
193–4

Sobek
183

Sobeknofru (queen regent)
241
n
2

Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle
9

Soknebtynis
222

solar cults
68

solar disc
122
,
124
,
134

Soma royal cemetery, Alexandria
74
,
75
,
79–80