Cleopatra (40 page)

2
To ensure consistency, all dates in this section have been taken from J. Baines and J. Malek (1984),
Atlas of Ancient Egypt
, Phaidon, Oxford.

M
any, many books, scholarly articles and works of fiction have been written about Cleopatra, her family, life and times. As this book is primarily aimed at the general reader, I have listed here the more accessible and up to date, giving preference to those written in English. Most of them provide their own list of further reading. More specialised references are given, where appropriate, as footnotes to the text.

I have deliberately excluded websites dealing with Cleopatra as, by their very nature, these tend to be ephemeral and are of varying accuracy. However, the Ptolemaic genealogies compiled and constantly updated by Chris Bennett offers a valuable exception to this rule (
www.geocieties.com/christopherjbennett/index.htm
).

Many of the older translations of classical texts, now in the public domain, are available for free consultation on the Internet.

Appian,
The Civil Wars
, Volumes III and IV of
Roman History
, Translated by H. White (1912–13), Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., and Heinemann, London

Arrian,
Anabasis of Alexander
. Translated by E. J. Chinnock (1893), George Bell and Sons, London

Athenaeus,
Deipnosophists or Banquet of the Learned
. Translated by C. D. Yonge (1854) 3 vols, Henry G. Bohn, London

Julius Caesar,
The Alexandrian Wars
. Translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn (1869), Harper and Brothers, New York

Cassius Dio,
Roman History
. Translated by E. Cary (1914–27) 9 vols, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. and Heinemann, London

Diodorus Siculus,
Library of History
Book I. Translated by C. H. Oldfather (1933), Vol. I, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., and Heinemann, London

Flavius Josephus,
Against Apion
. Translated by W. Whiston (1895; updated and republished 2001),
The Works of Josephus, Complete and Unabridged
, Hendrickson Publishers, Peabody, Mass.

— Antiquities of the Jews
. Translated by W. Whiston (1895; updated and republished 2001),
The Works of Josephus, Complete and Unabridged
, Hendrickson Publishers, Peabody, Mass.

Herodotus,
The Histories
. Translated by A. de Sélincourt (1954), revised with introduction and notes by J. Marincola (1996), Penguin Books, Harmondsworth

Kleiner, D. E. E. (2005)
Cleopatra and Rome
, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Pliny the Elder,
Natural History
. Translated by H. Rackham (1938–40), Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., and Heinemann, London

Plutarch,
The Parallel Lives: Life of Alexander
. Translated by B. Perrin (1919), Vol VII, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., and Heinemann, London

—
The Parallel Lives: Life of Antony
. Translated by B. Perrin (1920), Vol. IX, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., and Heinemann, London

—
The Parallel Lives: Life of Caesar
. Translated by B. Perrin (1919), Vol. VII, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., and Heinemann, London

—
The Parallel Lives: Life of Pompey
. Translated by B. Perrin (1917), Vol. V, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., and Heinemann, London

Strabo,
The Geography
. Translated by H. L. Jones (1917–32), Vols 1–8 (Books 1–17), Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., and Heinemann, London

Suetonius,
Julius Caesar, Afterwards deified
and
Augustus, Afterwards deified
, part of
The Twelve Caesars
. Translated by Robert Graves, revised with an introduction by Michael Grant (1979), Penguin Books, Harmondsworth

Virgil,
The Aeneid
. Translated by D. West (1990), Penguin Books, Harmondsworth

Arnold, D. (1999),
Temples of the Last Pharaohs
, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York

Ashton, S.-A. (2003),
The Last Queens of Egypt
, Pearson Education, Harlow

Bingen, J. (2007),
Hellenistic Egypt: Monarchy, Society, Economy, Culture
, edited by R. S. Bagnall, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh

Bowman, A. K. (1990),
Egypt After the Pharaohs
, Oxford University Press, Oxford

Burstein, S. M. (2004),
The Reign of Cleopatra
, Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn.

Cabfora, L. (1987),
The Vanished Library: A Wonder of the Ancient World
, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles

Chauveau, M. (2000),
Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra: History and Society Under the Ptolemies
, translated by D. Lorton, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London

— (2002),
Cleopatra: Beyond the Myth
, translated by D. Lorton, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London

Corbelli, J. A. (2006),
The Art of Death in Graeco-Roman Egypt
, Shire Publications, Princes Risborough

El-Daly, O. (2005),
Egyptology: The Missing Millennium – Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings
, UCL Press, London

Empereur, J.-Y. (1998),
Alexandria Rediscovered
, translated by M. Maehler, British Museum Press, London

Fantham, E. et al. (1994),
Women in the Classical World
, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford

Flamarion, E. (1997),
Cleopatra: From History to Legend
, Thames and Hudson, London

Fraser, P. M. (1972),
Ptolemaic Alexandria
, Oxford University Press, Oxford

Garland, R. (2003),
Julius Caesar
, Bristol Phoenix Press, Bristol

Goddio, F. et al. (1998),
Alexandria: The Submerged Royal Quarters
, Periplus Ltd, London

Grant, M. (1972),
Cleopatra: A Biography
, Barnes and Noble Books, New York

— (1982),
From Alexander to Cleopatra: The Hellenistic World
, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London

Hamer, M. (1993),
Signs of Cleopatra
, Routledge, London and New York

Höbl, G. (2001),
A History of the Ptolemaic Empire
. Translated by T. Saavedra, Routledge, London and New York

Hughes-Hallett, L. (1990),
Cleopatra: Histories, Dreams and Distortions
, Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd, London

Jacob, C. and de Polignac, F. (2000),
Alexandria Third Century BC: The Knowledge of the World in a Single City
. Translated by Colin Clement, Harpocrates, Alexandria

Jones, P. J. (1971),
Cleopatra: A Sourcebook
, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman

Lane Fox, R. (2004 updated edition),
Alexander the Great
, Penguin Books, London

Lefkowitz, M. and Rogers, G. M., eds (1996),
Black Athena Revisited
, North Carolina University Press, Chapel Hill

Matyszak, P. (2003),
Chronicle of the Roman Republic
, Thames and Hudson, London

Mysliewic, K. (2000),
The Twilight of Ancient Egypt: First Millennium BC
. Translated by D. Lorton, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London

Pomeroy, S. B. (1975, revised edition 1995),
Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves
, Schocken Books, New York

Pomeroy, S. B., Burnstein, S. M., Donlan, W. and Tolbert Roberts, J. (1999),
Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History
, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford

Ray, J. (2002),
Reflections of Osiris
, Profile Books, London

Rice, E. E. (1999),
Cleopatra
, Sutton Publishing, Stroud

Rowlandson, J., ed. (1998),
Women and Society in Greek and Roman Egypt: A Sourcebook
, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Samson, J. (1990, second edition),
Nefertiti and Cleopatra: Queen-Monarchs of Ancient Egypt
, Rubicon Press, London

Shakespeare, W. (1606/7),
Antony and Cleopatra

Stanwick, P. E. (2002),
Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Egyptian Pharaohs
, University of Texas Press, Austin

Troy, L. (1986),
Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History: Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilizations 14
, Boreas, Uppsala

Tyldesley, J. A. (2006),
Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt
, Thames and Hudson, London

Vasunia, P. (2001),
The Gift of the Nile: Hellenizing Egypt from Aeschylus to Alexander
, University of California Press, Berkeley

Walker, S. and Ashton, S.-A. (2006),
Cleopatra
, Bristol Classical Press, Bristol

Walker, S. and Ashton, S.-A., eds (2003),
Cleopatra Reassessed
, British Museum Occasional Papers 103, London

Walker, S. and Higgs, P., eds (2001),
Cleopatra of Egypt: From History to Myth
, British Museum Publications, London

Whitehorn, J. (1994),
Cleopatras
, Routledge, London and New York

Weigall, A. (1914, revised edition 1924),
The Life and Times of Cleopatra Queen of Egypt: A Study in the Origin of the Roman Empire
, G. P. Putnam’s and Sons, New York, and Knickerbocker Press, London

Witt, R.E. (1971),
Isis in the Ancient World
, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London (originally published as
Isis in the Graeco-Roman World
)

Wyke, M. (2002),
The Roman Mistress; Ancient and Modern Representations
, Oxford University Press, Oxford

1. Alexander the Great. From the British Museum © the Trustees of the British Museum.

2. Ptolemy XII ‘The New Dionysos’. From the Louvre Museum © RPL.

3. Dionysos. From the Staatliche Museum, Berlin © RPL.

4. Ptolemaic papyrus. From the Staatliche Museum, Berlin © RPL.

5. Limestone stela. From the Louvre Museum © RPL.

6. Portrait head, believed to be Cleopatra VII. From the Staatliche Museum, Berlin © RPL.

7. Marble portrait of Cleopatra VII. From the Vatican Museum © Sandro Vannini / Corbis.

8. ‘Cleopatra restored’. From the Vatican Museum © RPL.

9.  Egyptian Cleopatra. From the Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg © Sandro Vannini / Corbis.

10. Arsinoë II. From the British Museum © the Trustees of the British Museum.

11. Cleopatra II or Cleopatra III? From the Louvre Museum © RPL.

12. Romans relaxing on the Nile. From the Staatliche Museum, Berlin © RPL.

13. Ptolemy II © RPL.

14. Mosaic depicting Berenice II. From the Graeco—Roman Museum, Alexandria © RPL.

15. Julius Caesar. From the Staatliche Museum, Berlin © RPL.