Cleopatra (46 page)

Livia Drusilla
7–8
,
169
,
171
,
188
,
189
,
206

Livy
210

Lochias peninsula
80
,
182

London: Cleopatra’s Needle
91–2

Louvre, Paris
44
,
101

Lucan
94–5
,
100

Lucian
13

Lucius Antonius
158
,
159

Lupercalia
106–7

Luxor temple
132

Lysandra (daughter of Ptolemy I)
222
,
224–5

Lysimachos of Thrace
224
,
225

maat
111
,
131

M

Maat (goddess)
111

Maccabaeus, Judas
77

Maccabaeus, Simon
245
n
11

Macedon/Macedonia

Antigonid empire of
222

polygamous kings of
27

kingdom of
29

people of
29

elite/non-elite
30

recruitment to live in Alexandria
76

two battles of Philippi (42)
144
,
158

Macurdy, Grace:
Hellenistic Queens
94

Magus, King of Cyrenaica
25
,
223
,
225

Malchus of Nabataea
177
,
182

Manetho of Sebennytos (modern Sammanud)
88
,
224
,
241
n
3

Mankiewicz, Joseph L.
216
,
242
n
5

Marcella (Octavian’s daughter)
199

Marcus Antonius Felix, procurator of Judaea
202

Mark, St
248
n
8

Mark Antony
see
Antony marriage

on Octavian iii

Greek-Egyptian
21–2

with a foreigner
170

Mars (god of war)
49

Mauretania (modern western Algeria and northern Morocco)
199
,
200

Maut (Mut)
123

Medes, king of the
177

medicine
89–90

Mediterranean Sea
78
,
196

Mehen (snake god)
193

Meleager
222

‘melon coiffure’
60

Memphis
78
,
99
,
100
,
113
,
219

rival court of Ptolemy VI
229

Ptolemy XII crowned in
11

cult centre of Ptah
43
,
70

first and most ancient Egyptian capital city
70

administrative centre of Egypt
70–71

Alexander first interred in
74

stripped of its antiquities to ornament Alexandria
91

Ptah temple
130
,
132

Greek-style games at
132

Mendes Stela
135

Meretseger (‘She Who Loves Silence’) (a cobra-goddess)
193

Meritneith (queen consort)
241
n
2

Mesopotamia
222

Metella
153

Methone
174
,
176

Middle Kingdom
15
,
91

Min (fertility god)
43
,
111
,
183

Minerva
185–6
,
208

Mithras
251
n
6

Mithridates VI of Pontus
36
,
103
,
154

Mithridates of Commagene
177

Mithridates of Pergamon
97

Mnesitheus
84

Mnevis bull, cult of the
43

modius
(platform crown)
67
,
89
,
122
,
124

Mond, Robert and Myers, Oliver:
Geographical Journal
109

Montu (warrior god)
41
,
111
,
121

Morgan, J.
205
,
257
n
1

Morocco
199

mortuary temples
252
n
14

mother goddesses
112
,
113

Mount Casius (Ras Baron)
49

Mount Haemus
194

Mount Nysa
87

Mount Olympus
5

mummification

Greeks’ adoption of
20

of Bakhu
41

animals
129
,
130

decline in standards of human mummification
130

kings made fully divine
131

a lengthy ritual
195

mummies found in Alexandria
196

Museion, Alexandria
32
,
79
,
80
,
82–3
,
222
,
223
,
231

Myers, Oliver
see
Mond, Robert

Myos Hormos
198

Myrtium (Ptolemy II’s mistress)
85

N

Nabataea
162

Nabateans
97
,
162

Napoleon Bonaparte
121

Narmer
112
,
113

Narmer Palette
112–13

nationalism
19

Naukratis (Kom Ge’if)

temple to Amen
222

Greek law
242
n
5

city-port of
18

the only legal outlet for Greek merchandise in Egypt
18

Nea Isis (New Isis)
139

Nectanebo II (Nakhthorheb), King of Egypt
3
,
15
,
130
,
131–2
,
194
,
241
n
3

Nefertiti (queen consort)
241
n
2
,
247
n
26

Berlin bust
63

Nekhbet (goddess of southern Egypt)
69
,
119
,
122

Nemeseion, Alexandria
80

Nemesis (Greek goddess of divine retribution)
80

Nephthys
24
,
115

Neptune
208

Nero, Emperor
159

New Kingdom
15
,
24
,
45
,
71
,
86
,
129

New York: Cleopatra’s Needle, Central Park
91–2

Nicomedes, King of Bithynia
55
,
56
,
57

Nikolaus of Damascus
7
,
33

Nile Delta
15
,
20
,
37
,
76
,
184

unified with the Nile Valley
1

attitude to the Nile Valley
14

rebellion in
227

Nile River
15
,
31
,
41
,
77
,
89
,
104
,
182

differs in its behaviour from other rivers
16
,
17

erratic floods
38
,
40
,
46

lowest flooding ever recorded
51

Canopic branch of the
72
,
79
,
97

the gods sail on
86
,
99

pharaohs sail up and down
98–9

dotted with minor palaces
99

source of
100
,
200
,
257
n
6

and Isis
115

Amelia B. Edwards’s cruise
122–3

low inundations during Cleopatra VII’s

reign
140

Nile Valley
1
,
14
,
76
,
78

Nitocris, Queen
241
n
2

nomarchs
19

nomen
119

nomes (
nomoi
) (administrative districts)
19
,
243
n
8

North, Sir Thomas
213

North Africa
103

Nubia
225

Nubians
31

Numidia
199–200

Nut (sky goddess)
24
,
115

O

obelisks
91–2
,
203–4

Octavia
7–8
,
159
,
161
,
164–5
,
170
,
174
,
188
,
199
,
206
,
238
,
254
n
35

Octavian
4
,
7
,
92
,
102
,
168

background
173

visits Alexander’s tomb
74–5

and Caesar’s will
107

second triumvirate
143

as Caesar’s true heir
101
,
143
,
144
,
145
,
206

controls most of Rome’s western empire
144

illness
144

circulates rumours of relationship to Apollo
145

Cleopatra unable to seduce him
152

erodes support for Antony in Rome
158

Fulvia and Lucius oppose
158–9

agreement to renew the triumvirate
161

and Antony’s agreement with Cleopatra
162

defeats Sextus Pompey
164

relationship with Antony breaks down
165–6
,
169
,
171
,
173

struggles to finance a fleet
173

declares war on Cleopatra
175

battle of Actium
176–80

Cleopatra and Antony attempt to influence him
184

use of Cleopatra’s treasure
187
,
204

meeting with Cleopatra
188–9

Cleopatra murder theory
256
n
16

coinage
196

annexes Egypt (30)
2
,
198
,
237

authorises Cleopatra’s burial
186
,
196

renames the eighth month after himself
202–3

claims Egypt as his own personal estate
203

orders destruction of Cleopatra’s images
58

manipulates his personal history for posterity
205–6

offering formulae
252
n
4

Old Kingdom
15
,
67
,
111

Olympias
132
,
219

Olympic Games
30

Olympus
86

Olympus (Cleopatra’s physician)
7
,
209

Omnophris (a priest)
44

Omphale, Queen of Lydia
146
,
208

Oppius, Caius
101

Orsenouphis
248
n
18

Osiris (fertility god)
12
,
24
,
41
,
67
,
88
,
89
,
115
,
116
,
117
,
118
,
121
,
131
,
133
,
172
,
222

Osor-Apis
89

ostraca
6

Oxyrhynchus
37

P

Palestine
34
,
222

Pantheon, Rome
153

papyri
6
,
22

Paraetonium (modern Mersa Matruh)
181
,
184