Bloodlands (85 page)
Authors: Timothy Snyder
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, Moscow: Nauka, 2003.
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, Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2009, 105-126.
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Marcin Zwolski, “Deportacje internowanych Polaków w głąb ZSRS w latach 1944-1945,” in Marcin Zwolski, ed.,
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NOTES
CHAPTER 1: THE SOVIET FAMINES2
On the journalist Gareth Jones, see Siriol Colley,
More Than a Grain
, 224-238; Jones, “Will there be soup?”; Conquest,
Harvest
, 309; and Dalrymple, “Further References,” 473. On Kharkiv, see Falk,
Sowjetische Städte
, 140, 172-175, 288; Kovalenko,
Holod
, 557; and Werth,
Terreur
, 130. The image is Vasily Grossman’s.
On the journalist Gareth Jones, see Siriol Colley,
More Than a Grain
, 224-238; Jones, “Will there be soup?”; Conquest,
Harvest
, 309; and Dalrymple, “Further References,” 473. On Kharkiv, see Falk,
Sowjetische Städte
, 140, 172-175, 288; Kovalenko,
Holod
, 557; and Werth,
Terreur
, 130. The image is Vasily Grossman’s.
4
Quotations: Falk,
Sowjetische Städte
, 299, see also 297-301; Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 157, 160. On the schoolgirl and the hospitals, see Davies,
Years
, 160, 220. See also Kuromiya,
Freedom and Terror
, 171, 184. On the use of survivor testimony, see Graziosi,
War
, 4.
Quotations: Falk,
Sowjetische Städte
, 299, see also 297-301; Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 157, 160. On the schoolgirl and the hospitals, see Davies,
Years
, 160, 220. See also Kuromiya,
Freedom and Terror
, 171, 184. On the use of survivor testimony, see Graziosi,
War
, 4.
5
Quotation: Siriol Colley,
More Than a Grain
, 233. On Dnipropetrovsk: Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom
, 111. On Stalino, see Maksudov, “Victory,” 211.
Quotation: Siriol Colley,
More Than a Grain
, 233. On Dnipropetrovsk: Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom
, 111. On Stalino, see Maksudov, “Victory,” 211.
6
On fainting from weakness, see Kovalenko,
Holod
, 61; see also Siriol Colley,
More Than a Grain
, 235. On Khartsyszk, see Kuromiya,
Freedom and Terror
, 170. On Grossman, see Todorov,
Mémoire du mal
, 61. See also Koestler,
Yogi
, 137.
On fainting from weakness, see Kovalenko,
Holod
, 61; see also Siriol Colley,
More Than a Grain
, 235. On Khartsyszk, see Kuromiya,
Freedom and Terror
, 170. On Grossman, see Todorov,
Mémoire du mal
, 61. See also Koestler,
Yogi
, 137.
11
Quotations: Viola,
War
, 238; Conquest,
Harvest
, 121. For details on the shootings and deportations, see Davies,
Years
, 20, 46; Werth,
Terreur
, 463; Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 6, 32; Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 51, 56; Khlevniuk,
Gulag
, 11; Graziosi,
War
, 48; and Davies,
Years
, 46.
Quotations: Viola,
War
, 238; Conquest,
Harvest
, 121. For details on the shootings and deportations, see Davies,
Years
, 20, 46; Werth,
Terreur
, 463; Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 6, 32; Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 51, 56; Khlevniuk,
Gulag
, 11; Graziosi,
War
, 48; and Davies,
Years
, 46.
12
On the 113,637 people forcibly transported, see Viola,
War
, 289; see also Kulczycki,
Hołodomor
, 158. For details on some of the arrivals, see Kotkin, “Peopling,” 70-72.
On the 113,637 people forcibly transported, see Viola,
War
, 289; see also Kulczycki,
Hołodomor
, 158. For details on some of the arrivals, see Kotkin, “Peopling,” 70-72.
13
For the lament, see Kovalenko,
Holod
, 259. On Solovki, see Applebaum,
Gulag
, 18-20, 49. On the special settlements, see Viola,
Unknown Gulag
(the numbers of Ukrainian peasants deported are given at 195 and 32).
For the lament, see Kovalenko,
Holod
, 259. On Solovki, see Applebaum,
Gulag
, 18-20, 49. On the special settlements, see Viola,
Unknown Gulag
(the numbers of Ukrainian peasants deported are given at 195 and 32).
14
Quotation: Applebaum,
Gulag
, 48. For the death estimates, see Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 3; and Applebaum,
Gulag
, 583. For the characterization of the Gulag, see Khlevniuk,
Gulag
, 1-10; Applebaum,
Gulag
, xvi-xvii; and Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 2-7.
Quotation: Applebaum,
Gulag
, 48. For the death estimates, see Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 3; and Applebaum,
Gulag
, 583. For the characterization of the Gulag, see Khlevniuk,
Gulag
, 1-10; Applebaum,
Gulag
, xvi-xvii; and Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 2-7.
15
Quotations: Siegelbaum,
Stalinism
, 45 (first two); Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 53. On Belomor, see Khlevniuk,
Gulag
, 24-35; and Applebaum,
Gulag
, 62-65.
Quotations: Siegelbaum,
Stalinism
, 45 (first two); Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 53. On Belomor, see Khlevniuk,
Gulag
, 24-35; and Applebaum,
Gulag
, 62-65.
17
Quotation: Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 35. See also, generally, Viola,
Best Sons
. On the pace of collectivization, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 39.
Quotation: Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 35. See also, generally, Viola,
Best Sons
. On the pace of collectivization, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 39.
19
Quotation: Snyder,
Sketches
, 93. For background on the struggle of peasants in Ukraine for land, see Beauvois,
Bataille
; Edelman,
Proletarian Peasants
; Hildermeier,
Sozialrevolutionäre Partei
; Kingston-Mann,
Lenin
; and Lih,
Bread and Authority.
Quotation: Snyder,
Sketches
, 93. For background on the struggle of peasants in Ukraine for land, see Beauvois,
Bataille
; Edelman,
Proletarian Peasants
; Hildermeier,
Sozialrevolutionäre Partei
; Kingston-Mann,
Lenin
; and Lih,
Bread and Authority.
20
Quotation: Dzwońkowski,
Głód
, 84. For the Stalinist “First Commandment,” see Kulczycki,
Hołodomor
, 170. See also Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 70.
Quotation: Dzwońkowski,
Głód
, 84. For the Stalinist “First Commandment,” see Kulczycki,
Hołodomor
, 170. See also Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 70.
23
Quotation: Morris, “The Polish Terror,” 753. On the Soviet concern about Poland’s new policy to Ukrainian minorities, see Report of 13 July 1926, AVPRF, 122/10/34. See also, generally, Snyder,
Sketches
, 83-114.
Quotation: Morris, “The Polish Terror,” 753. On the Soviet concern about Poland’s new policy to Ukrainian minorities, see Report of 13 July 1926, AVPRF, 122/10/34. See also, generally, Snyder,
Sketches
, 83-114.
24
Kuromiya, “Spionage,” 20-32.
Kuromiya, “Spionage,” 20-32.
29
Quotations: Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 75; Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom
, 106. On the 32,127 households deported from Soviet Ukraine, see Kulczycki,
Hołodomor
, 158. On the percentage of collectivized farmland, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraine
, 86.
Quotations: Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 75; Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom
, 106. On the 32,127 households deported from Soviet Ukraine, see Kulczycki,
Hołodomor
, 158. On the percentage of collectivized farmland, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraine
, 86.
31
On the harvest, see Davies,
Years
, 57-69, 110-111; Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 1-5; and Dronin,
Climate Dependence
, 118. On Kosior and Kaganovich, see Davies,
Years
, 72, 82, 89, 95.
On the harvest, see Davies,
Years
, 57-69, 110-111; Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 1-5; and Dronin,
Climate Dependence
, 118. On Kosior and Kaganovich, see Davies,
Years
, 72, 82, 89, 95.
33
On the Red Cross, see Davies,
Years
, 112-113. Quotations: Kul’chyts’kyi,
Kolektyvizatsiia
, 434; Kul’chyts’kyi, “Trahichna,” 151.
On the Red Cross, see Davies,
Years
, 112-113. Quotations: Kul’chyts’kyi,
Kolektyvizatsiia
, 434; Kul’chyts’kyi, “Trahichna,” 151.
34
On the reports of death by starvation, see Kuśnierz, 104-105. On Stalin, see Davies,
Kaganovich Correspondence
, 138. On the request for food aid, see Lih,
Letters to Molotov
, 230. On Kaganovich (23 June 1932), see Hunchak,
Famine
, 121.
On the reports of death by starvation, see Kuśnierz, 104-105. On Stalin, see Davies,
Kaganovich Correspondence
, 138. On the request for food aid, see Lih,
Letters to Molotov
, 230. On Kaganovich (23 June 1932), see Hunchak,
Famine
, 121.
35
Cameron, “Hungry Steppe,” chap. 2; Pianciola, “Collectivization Famine,” 103-112; Mark, “Hungersnot,” 119.
Cameron, “Hungry Steppe,” chap. 2; Pianciola, “Collectivization Famine,” 103-112; Mark, “Hungersnot,” 119.
36
Quotation: Davies,
Kaganovich Correspondence
, 138. On Stalin’s predisposition to personalized politics, see Kulczycki,
Hołodomor
, 180; and Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 152.
Quotation: Davies,
Kaganovich Correspondence
, 138. On Stalin’s predisposition to personalized politics, see Kulczycki,
Hołodomor
, 180; and Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 152.
37
On Stalin, see Marochko,
Holodomor
, 21. On the objective problems recounted by local party officials, see Davies,
Years
, 105-111, 117-122.
On Stalin, see Marochko,
Holodomor
, 21. On the objective problems recounted by local party officials, see Davies,
Years
, 105-111, 117-122.
40
On “our father,” see Sebag Montefiore,
Court
, 69. On talk of starvation as an excuse for laziness, see Šapoval, “Lügen,” 136. For a sense of the relationships among Molotov, Kaganovich, and Stalin, consult Lih,
Letters to Molotov
; and Davies,
Kaganovich Correspondence.
On “our father,” see Sebag Montefiore,
Court
, 69. On talk of starvation as an excuse for laziness, see Šapoval, “Lügen,” 136. For a sense of the relationships among Molotov, Kaganovich, and Stalin, consult Lih,
Letters to Molotov
; and Davies,
Kaganovich Correspondence.
44
Quotation: Report of 6 June 1933, CAW I/303/4/1928. On the Polish consulate, see Marochko,
Holodomor
, 36. On Poland’s caution, see Snyder,
Sketches
, 102-108; and Papuha,
Zakhidna Ukraïna
, 80.
Quotation: Report of 6 June 1933, CAW I/303/4/1928. On the Polish consulate, see Marochko,
Holodomor
, 36. On Poland’s caution, see Snyder,
Sketches
, 102-108; and Papuha,
Zakhidna Ukraïna
, 80.
46
On the Soviet judges, see Solomon,
Soviet Criminal Justice
, 115-116. Quotation: Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 116.
On the Soviet judges, see Solomon,
Soviet Criminal Justice
, 115-116. Quotation: Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 116.
47
Quotations: Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 139; Kovalenko,
Holod
, 168. On the watchtowers and their number, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 115; see also Maksudov, “Victory,” 213; and Conquest,
Harvest
, 223-225.
Quotations: Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 139; Kovalenko,
Holod
, 168. On the watchtowers and their number, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 115; see also Maksudov, “Victory,” 213; and Conquest,
Harvest
, 223-225.
48
On the limited gains from such methods of requisition, see Maksudov, “Victory,” 192. On the party activists’ abuses, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 144-145, 118-119; and Kuromiya,
Freedom and Terror
, 170-171.
On the limited gains from such methods of requisition, see Maksudov, “Victory,” 192. On the party activists’ abuses, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 144-145, 118-119; and Kuromiya,
Freedom and Terror
, 170-171.
49
As against fifty-seven percent for the USSR as a whole; see Davies,
Years
, 183. On Molotov, see Davies,
Years
, 171-172.
As against fifty-seven percent for the USSR as a whole; see Davies,
Years
, 183. On Molotov, see Davies,
Years
, 171-172.
51
Quotation: Kovalenko,
Holod
, 44. On the two politburo telegrams, see Marochko,
Holodomor
, 152; and Davies,
Years
, 174. On the 1,623 arrested kolkhoz officials, see Davies,
Years
, 174. On the 30,400 resumed deportations, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina,
59.
Quotation: Kovalenko,
Holod
, 44. On the two politburo telegrams, see Marochko,
Holodomor
, 152; and Davies,
Years
, 174. On the 1,623 arrested kolkhoz officials, see Davies,
Years
, 174. On the 30,400 resumed deportations, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina,
59.
54
Quotation: Kuromiya,
Freedom and Terror
, 174. On the family interpretation (Stanisław Kosior), see Davies,
Years
, 206.
Quotation: Kuromiya,
Freedom and Terror
, 174. On the family interpretation (Stanisław Kosior), see Davies,
Years
, 206.
55
For similar judgments, see, for example, Jahn,
Holodomor
, 25; Davies, Tauger, and Wheatcroft, “Grain Stocks,” 657; Kulczycki,
Hołodomor
, 237; and Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 11.
For similar judgments, see, for example, Jahn,
Holodomor
, 25; Davies, Tauger, and Wheatcroft, “Grain Stocks,” 657; Kulczycki,
Hołodomor
, 237; and Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 11.
56
Sen,
Poverty and Famines
, quotation at 7; see also 154-155. A convincing national interpretation of the famine is Martin, “Ukrainian Terror,” at 109 and passim. See also Simon, “Waffe,” 45-47; and Conquest,
Harvest
, 219. On Kaganovich in November 1932, see Kulczyski,
Hołodomor
, 236.
Sen,
Poverty and Famines
, quotation at 7; see also 154-155. A convincing national interpretation of the famine is Martin, “Ukrainian Terror,” at 109 and passim. See also Simon, “Waffe,” 45-47; and Conquest,
Harvest
, 219. On Kaganovich in November 1932, see Kulczyski,
Hołodomor
, 236.
57
Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 8; Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 143; Maksudov, “Victory,” 188, 190; Davies,
Years
, 175 and, on seed grain, 151.
Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 8; Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 143; Maksudov, “Victory,” 188, 190; Davies,
Years
, 175 and, on seed grain, 151.
58
On the meat penalty, see Shapoval, “Proloh trahedii holodu,” 162; and Maksudov, “Victory,” 188. Quotation: Dzwonkowski,
Głód
, 71. For the example described, Dzwonkowski,
Głód
, 160; see also 219. On the general decline of livestock, see Hunczak,
Famine
, 59.
On the meat penalty, see Shapoval, “Proloh trahedii holodu,” 162; and Maksudov, “Victory,” 188. Quotation: Dzwonkowski,
Głód
, 71. For the example described, Dzwonkowski,
Głód
, 160; see also 219. On the general decline of livestock, see Hunczak,
Famine
, 59.
59
Shapoval, “Proloh trahedii holodu,” 162; Maksudov, “Victory,” 188; Marochko,
Holodomor
, 171; Werth,
Terreur
, 123.
Shapoval, “Proloh trahedii holodu,” 162; Maksudov, “Victory,” 188; Marochko,
Holodomor
, 171; Werth,
Terreur
, 123.
60
Shapoval, “Holodomor.”
Shapoval, “Holodomor.”
63
Quotation: Davies,
Years
, 187. Regarding 20 December, see Vasiliev, “Tsina,” 55; Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 9; and Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 135.
Quotation: Davies,
Years
, 187. Regarding 20 December, see Vasiliev, “Tsina,” 55; Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 9; and Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 135.
65
On the interpretation of starving people as spies, see Shapoval, “Holodomor.” On the 190,000 peasants caught and sent back, see Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 7. On the events of 22 January, see Marochko,
Holodomor
, 189; and Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 9.
On the interpretation of starving people as spies, see Shapoval, “Holodomor.” On the 190,000 peasants caught and sent back, see Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 7. On the events of 22 January, see Marochko,
Holodomor
, 189; and Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 9.
67
For the recollections of the activist, see Conquest,
Harvest
, 233. For quotation and details on the importance of purges, see Šapoval, “Lügen,” 133. On purges of the heights, see Davies,
Years
, 138.
For the recollections of the activist, see Conquest,
Harvest
, 233. For quotation and details on the importance of purges, see Šapoval, “Lügen,” 133. On purges of the heights, see Davies,
Years
, 138.
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