A World at Arms (216 page)

133
A good survey of German policy in occupied France in Rich, 2: chap. 8; more details in Jackel,
Frankreich;
for another perspective, see Marwick (ed.),
Total War,
chap. 6. On the situation in annexed Alsace, see Johnpeter Horst Grill,
The Nazi Movement in Baden,
920-
945
(Chapel Hill, N.C.: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1983), chap. 12.

134
As early as July 31, 1940, coal deliveries from these departments were to be considered German coal
f/l DAP,
D, 10, No. 267).

135
Note the comments by Hitler reported by Engel to the Commander-in-Chief of the Army, 25 Dec. 1940, Imperial War Museum, AL 2828, Box E 284.

136
Note the meeting of Churchill and Halifax concerning relations with France on 31 Oct. 1940, C 11713/9/17, PRO, FO 371/24303.

137
KTB Skl A 22, 19 July 1941, BA/MA, RM 7/26, f. 284–85; Puttkamer to Raeder, 11 Aug. 1941, RM 6/81, f. 60–61; Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin, Bericht, 1942, BA/MA, N
6419,
f. 33. N 64/9, f. 33.

138
Krautkramer, “Vorgeschichte,” pp. 214–17; Krautkramer,
Frankreichs Kriegswende,
pp. 56–57.

139
See Mitani (Vichy) to Tokyo No. 62 of 12 Feb. 1943, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 31528–30.

140
A good introduction in Paxton,
Vichy France.

141
Hitler even planned to strip the Louvre, see Boe1cke,
Kriegspropaganda,
p. 550. 142 See Marrus and Paxton,
Vichy France and the Jews;
Ferro,
Pétain,
pp. 238–47, 414–19.

142
See Marrus and Paxton,
Vichy France and the Jews;
Ferro,
Pétain,
pp. 238–47, 414–19. On Pétain’s attitude toward the resistance, see Ferro, pp. 566–67. On broader issues, see John F. Sweets,
Choices in Vichy France: The French under Nazi Occupation
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1986) which concentrates on the Clermont-Ferrand area. On the way these issues came to be viewed–and the views changed–see Henry Rousso,
The
Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since
1944, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1991).

143
Paxton,
Parades and Politics,
pp. 372ff. Large numbers of officers of the French armistice army in France subsequently escaped to join the French army in North Africa fighting alongside the Allies (ibid., pp. 398–99).

144
See “Streng vertraulicher Informationsbericht,” IS Oct. 1943, BA, ZSg. 115/7, f. 99.

145
Note
ADAP,
E, 3, No. 275.

146
Stafford,
Britain and European Resistance,
pp. 92–93.

147
Robert Marshall,
All the King’s Men: The Truth behind SOE’s Greatest Wartime Disaster
(London: Collins, 1988).

148
Brooke Diary, IS Dec. 1941, Liddell Hart Centre, Alanbrooke Papers.

149
A good introduction in Raoul Aglion,
Roosevelt and De Gaulle: Allies in Conflict, A Personal
Memoir
(New York: Free Press, 1988). This book stresses the significance of the influence of anti-de Gaulle sentiments among prominent Frenchmen in the United States, especially Alexis Leger, on Roosevelt’s attitude. See also Gietz,
Die neue Alte Welt
pp. 141–77.

150
Beauftragte für den Vierjahresplan, “Zur Frage der künftigen Wirtschaftspolitik gegenüber Südosteuropa," 15 Jan. 1941, BA, R 2/10382.

151
Adolf Heinz Beckerle, “Tagebuch, 2. September I 941,” AA, Deutsche Gesandtschaft

152
Note Der Reichsminister der Finanzen, “F 7003–891, Garantien für

153
Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims,
2: 27–55; Detfef Brandes,
Die Tschechen unter deutschem Protektorat
(Munich: Oldenbourg, 1969); Vojtech Mastny,
The Czechs under Nazi Rule: The Failure of National Resistance
(New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1971). We can now look forward to new work on this important subject.

154
See Hacha to Hitler, 7 or 8 June 1940, BA, Adjutantur des Führers) NS 10/19, f. 73-

155
Callum Mac Donald,
The Killing of SS-Obergruppenf Uhrer Reinhard Heydrich
(New York: Free Press, 1989).

156
See C 10778/6/18, PRO, FO 371/24392 and C 4795/18/18, FO 371/26510, to correct Jaksch’s memoirs,
Europas Weg nach Potsdam
(Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1958).

157
Radomir Luza,
The Transfer of the Sudeten Germans: A Study of Czech-German Relations,
1933–1962 (New York: New York Univ. Press, 1964); Detlef Brandes,
Grossbritannien und seine osteuropäischen Alliierten
(Munich: Oldenbourg, 1988).

158
Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims,
2: 55–67.

159
Lammers memorandum, “Rk 17178A,” 16 June 1939, BA, R 43 11/1416, f. 16–17.

160
See Memorandum by Woermann, “Zu Pol. IV 1559,” 28 May 1942, AA, St.S., “Dipl.

161
On the regrets of many Hungarians about the declaration of war on the United States, see the letter of Robert T. Pell, the last U.S. Minister, to Roosevelt, 10 Feb. 1942, in FDRL, PSF Box 96, State, Welles, 1942. Pell predicted that the Germans would wreck all of Europe as they went down.

162
A summary in Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims,
2: 241–51.

163
ADAP
, E, 3, No. 183; Schmidt (Presse), “Notiz für Herrn St.S.,” 9 Mar. 1942, AA, St.S., "Ungarn," Bd. 6, fr. 104672; Weizsacker to Stuckart, 19 Mar. 1942, AA, St.S., "Politischer Schriftwechsel," Bd. 8, fr. 470730-3r.

164
Braham,
Politics of Genocide;
Randolph L. Braham (ed.),
The Destruction of Hungarian Jewry: A Documentary Account,
2 vols. (New York: Pro Arte, 1963).

165
ADAP,
E, 8, Nos. 40, 48. There are numerous related documents in the file AA, Inland hg, "Judenfrage in Ungarn, Angelegenheit Manfred Weiss, 1944."

166
A fine survey in Margit Szollosi-Janze,
Die Pfeilkreuzlerbewegung in Ungarn: Historischer Kontext, Entwicklung und Herrschafi
(Munich: Oldenbourg, 1989).

167
On Romania, see Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims,
2: 251–58; 1. C. Butnaru,
The Silent Holocaust: Romania and its Jews,
(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood 1992); Hillgruber,
Hitler, Konig Carol,
which also covers the Horia Sima government-in-exile (pp. 226–28). On the latter, see also Heinen,
Die Legion “Erzengel Michael”,
pp. 459–63.

168
The Germans also provided financial support to his father, the ex–king Ferdinand, because the latter advised Boris in a pro-German sense (Weizsäcker to Ribbentrop, 21 Jan. 1942, AA, St.S., “Aufzeichnungen über interne Angelegenheiten,” Bd. 2, fr. 472298).

169
On Bulgaria in the war, see Rich, 2: 258–63; Hoppe,
Bulgarien,
pp. 128ff. On the fate of Bulgaria’s Jews, see Frederick B. Charny,
The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution
of Bulgaria’s Jews, see Frederick B. Charny,
The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution
1949-1944 (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Univ. Press, 1972); Marshall Lee Miller, Bulgarian
Jewry during the Second World War (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, i975).

170
The German Minister to the puppet state of Croatia pointed out that the expulsions made even the Italians look good (Kasche, “Abschliessender Bericht über die Umsiedlung,” 20 Nov. 1941, AA, Inland IIg, “Fremde Volksgruppen,” fr. H 296639–49).

171
The OKW order of 8 Dec. 19421s quoted in Christopher R. Browning, “Harald Turner
und die Militarverwaltung in Serbien 1941–1942,” Dieter Rebentisch and Karl Treppe (eds.),
Verwaltung contra Menschenführung im Staat Hitlers
(Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1986), p. 366. See also Christopher R. Browning,
Fateful Months: Essays on the Emergence of the Final Solution,
rev. ed. (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1991), chap. 2.

172
Note
ADAP,
D, 13, No. 432.

173
A good account in Matteo J. Milazzo,
The Chetnik Movement and the Yugoslav Resistance
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1975). There is additional detail, and a balanced set of judgements, in Lucien Karchmar,
Draja Mihailovic and the Rise of the Cetnik Movement,
1941–1942, 2 vols. (New York: Garland, 1987).

174
Stafford,
Britain and European Resistance,
pp. 73–74. 175 The shift in British policy can be followed in Hinsley,
British Intelligence,
3/1: chap. 33.

175
The shift in British policy can be followed in Hinsley,
British Intelligence,
3/1: chap. 33.

176
Ibid., pp. 151–56; Hugh De Santis, “In Search of Yugoslavia: Anglo-American Policy and Policy-making 1943–45,”
JCH
16 (1981), 544–47; Lamb,
Churchill as War Leader,
chap. 19.

177
See
ADAP,
E, I, No. 277; cf. Kasche to Weizsäcker, 12 Oct. 1942, AA, St.S., “Schriftwechsel mit Béarnten,” Bd. 7, fr. 122283–85; Broucek (ed.),
Claise Horstenau,
3:
292–93, 302–3, 371–72.

178
On the approaches of Tito to Hitler, see the introduction by Peter Broucek to his edition of the Glaise Horstenau papers, 3: 33ff, 145 n I, 220–21. Broucek’s whole introduction is an excellent survey of wartime events in Croatia. See also Milovan Djilas,
Conversations with Stalin
(New York: Harcourt, 1962), pp. 9–10, 33; Milovan Djilas,
Wartime
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1977), pp. 198–99,229–45;
ADAP,
E, 5, No. 262; 7, No. 105; 8, No. 240; and AA, Gesandtschaft Zagreb, “geheime Reichssachen” files for 1943–44. According to a post-war account by a member of the historical staff in Hitler’s headquarters, Dr. Claus Grimm, Hitler rejected Tito’s offers with the comment: “mit Rebellen verhandle ich nicht” (I don’t negotiate with rebels) (BA/MA, MSg-I/705, f. 123–24). Tito does appear to have been able to work out a temporary truce with the Hungarians in late 1943.

179
ADAP,
E, 3, No. 310; Weizsäcker to Kasche, 9 Apr. 1942, AA, St.S., “Schriftwechsel mit Béarnten,” Bd. 7, fr. 122266–67; Mackensen to Berlin No. 2451 of 25 May 1943, AA, St.S., “Italien,” Bd. 13, fr. 124411.

180
ADAP,
E, 7, No. 156. The German military and diplomatic archives are literally filled with records on the subject; a systematic analysis and account remains to be written.

181
For a very thoughtful I Mar. 1944 report on Mihailovic by an American officer (Capt. W.R. Mansfield USMCR) at his headquarters, 18 Aug. 1943 - 15 Feb. 1944, see FDRL, PSF Box 167 OSS. There are important related documents in PSF Box 167 OSS, Donovan, and Box 168, OSS Reports Apr. - July 1944.

182
Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims,
2: 299–302; Christoph Stamm, “Zur deutschen Besetzung Albaniens 1943–1944,”
MCM,
No.2, (1981) pp. 99–120; Reginald Hibbert,
Albania’s National Liberation Struggle: The Bitter Victory
(London: Pinter, 1991).

183
This was an early German violation of the armistice and surrender terms; see the Greek memorandum of June 19411n the papers of Clemm von Hohenberg, BA/MA, N 449/2, f. 5–20.

184
On the allowing of food through the blockade, see Medlicott,
Economic Blockade,
2: 263 ff. A short survey of German policy and practice in Hagen Fleischer, “Das Beispiel Griechenland,” in Norbert Frei and Hermann Kling (eds.),
Der nationalsozialistische Krieg
(Frankfürt: Campus, 1990), 205–19; a general review in Hondros,
Occupation and Resistance,
pp. 61–76. On German insistence that all the problems were Italy’s concern see
ADAP,
E, 4, No. 64; Ribbentrop to Rome No. 1274 of 10 Oct. 1942, AA, St.S., “Italien,” Bd. 10, fr. 125121–124.

185
A good account, rather favorable to ELAS, in Hondros, chaps. 4–6. See also Thanasis
D. Sfikas, “The People at the Top Can Do Those Things Which Others Can’t Do: Winston Churchill and the Greeks, 1940–45,”
JCH
26 (1991), 307–32.

186
See Hondros, p. 250.

187
Peter J. Stavrakis,
Moscow and Greek Communism, 1944–1949
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1989).

188
Lukas,
Forgotten Holocaust:
See also Czeslaw Madajczyk, “Besteht ein Synchronismus zwischen dem ‘Generalplan Ost’ und cler Endlosung der Judfenfrage,” in Michalka (ed.), Der Zweite Weltkrieg, pp. 844-57.

189
Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene, Nationalsozialismus, Euthanasie,
pp. 240–47.

190
An extraordinary record is in the diary of the German governor, Hans Frank. A complete film is available at the National Archives as T-992; a large selection has been edited by Prag and J acobmeyer,
Das Diensttagebuch des deutschen Generalgouverneurs in Polen,
here

191
A helpful summary in Michael A. Peszke, “The Polish Government’s Aid to and Liaison with its Secret Army in Occupied Poland, 1939–1945,”
Military Ajfiu’rs
52 (1988), 197-

192
The best account remains Dallin,
German Rule in Russia.
A summary with some other material in Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims,
2: chap. I I.

193
Schmuhl, pp. 240–47.

194
This point is overlooked in much of the literature which deals with the German occupation, as if the civilian–administeredareas were the whole and not just a portion (and of the pre-1939 U.S.S.R. the smaller portion) of the occupied territory. An example of this error is Harvey Fireside,
Icon and Swastika: The Russian Orthodox Church under Nazi and Soviet Control
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1971). A far more realistic perception of the situation underlies Theo J. Schulte’s The German Army and
Nazi Policies in Occupied Russia (Oxford: Berg, 1989).

195
A good recent analysis in Timothy P. Mulligan,
The Politics of Illusion and Empire: German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1942–1943
(New York: Prager, 1988).