A World at Arms (215 page)

78
An especially good introduction to this process through one person’s eyes is the memoir of a Black woman officer, Charity Adams Early,
One Woman’s Army: A Black Officer Remembers the WAC
(College Station, Tex.: Texas A & M Press, 1989). On Marshall’s
role, see Pogue,
Marshall,
3: 96–99. On the army air force’s handling of African-Americans, the Foreword in Craven and Cate,
Anny Air Forces,
6: xxxi, is especially interesting.

79
Gunnar Myrdal,
An American Dilemma,
2 vols. (New York: Harper, 1944).

80
Maureen Honey,
Creating Rosie the Riveter: Class, Gender and Propaganda in World War II
(Amherst, Mass.: Univ. of Massachusetts Press, 1985). For general surveys of the American home front, see John M. Blum,
V Was for Victory: Politics and American Culture during World War II
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976); Richard Polenberg,
War and Society: The United States
1941–1945 (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1972).

81
On Marshall’s major role, see Pogue, 3: 103–14. The best general work on women’s role in the army remains Mattie Treadwell,
The Women’s Army Corps
(Washington: GPO, 1954), in the official U.S. Army in World War II series. The army air force’s history by Craven and Cate places the discussion of women in Vol. 6 entitled, of all things,
Men and Planes
(Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1955, reprint, Washington: GPO, 1983), pp. 678–90. See Adela R. Scharr,
Sisters in the Sky,
2 vols. (New York: Patrice, 1986–88). There is an important collection of materials on the women air service pilots in the papers of Lt. Col. Yvononde C. Pateman, U.S. Air Force Academy Library, MS 31.

82
Theodore R. Mosch,
The G./. Bill: A Breakthrough in Educational and Social Policy in the United States
(Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press, 1975); Davis R.B. Ross,
Preparing for Ulysses: Politics and Veterans during World War II
(New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1969).

83
A fascinating way to follow the administration’s efforts is to see them through the eyes of Isaiah Berlin’s weekly political reports from the British embassy in Washington published as
Washington Despatches
1941–1945 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1981), ed. Herbert G. Nichols.

84
Ben-Ami Shillony,
Politics and Culture in Wartime Japan
(Oxford: Clarenden Press, 1981), P.36.

85
See the text of the “Land Disposal Plan in the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere,” Dec. 1941, of the Research Section in the Japanese War Ministry, IMTFE Exhibit 1334, published in Storry,
Double Patriots,
pp. 317–19. Cf. an alternative plan of 14 Dec. 1941 from the Japanese Foreign Ministry, IMTFE Exhibit 1333A, discussed in Francis Clifford Jones,
Japan’s New Order in East Asia: Its Rise and Fall,
1937–1945 (London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1954), pp. 332–33.

86
On the failure to adjust the economy even after the set-backs of 1942, see Bernd Martin, “Japans Kriegswirtschaft 1941–1945,” in Friedrich Forstmeier and Hans-Erich Volkmann (eds.),
Kriegswirtschaft und Rustung
1939–1945 (Dusseldorf: Droste, 1977), pp. 266–67.

87
Note the statistics on political prisoners and on executions in Japan during the war in Shillony,
Wartime Japan
, pp. 12–13,34–35,79. In the years 1941–45 a total of 79 persons were executed in Japan; inside Germany, that many were being executed every
week.
Even the elections held on Apr. 30, 1942, were relatively free, with official candidates receiving two-thirdsof the votes and independents one–third(ibid., pp. 21–27; there is a study of this election by Edward J. Drea). The chapter entitled “The War at Home: Democracy Destroyed,” in Ienaga Saburo,
The Pacific War,
1931–1945 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978) concentrates on the period 1937–41.

88
See Stahmer (Tokyo) to Berlin No.1139 of 8 Apr. 1943, AA, St.S., “Japan,” Bd. 12, fr. 298548-53; cf. ADAP, E, 5, No. 231. On plans for Japanese control of post-war China, see Tokyo circular No. 755 of 28 Apr. 1942, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 22764-65; Tokyo to Berlin No. 5o4 of 15 May 1942, SRDJ 24102-4.

89
The struggle over the creation of the Greater East Asia Ministry is summarized in Jones,
Japan’s New Order,
pp. 334–35. Foreign Minister Togo was forced out in the process
turn over files to the new ministry in Tokyo, see Tokyo to Peking No. 226 (Circular 1688) of 11 Sep. 1942, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 26368.

90
The speeches delivered at the meeting were published in
The Japan Year Book
1943–44,
issued by the Foreign Affairs Association of Japan (Tokyo: The Japan Times, 1943) and reprinted by the U.S. Interdepartmental Committee for the Acquisition of Foreign Publications (Washington: GPO, 1945), pp. 1049–76 (the quotation from Bose is on p. 1075). On the conference, see also Shillony,
Wartime Japan,
pp. 141–51; Lebra,
Japanese-Trained Armies,
p. 12; Jones, p. 368.

91
This is the import of Ienaga,
Pacific War,
chap. 10.

92
An interesting account in Thomas R. H. Havers,
Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War II
(New York: Norton, 1978).

93
Butow,
Tojo,
p. 443.

94
Ch’i,
Nationalist China,
p. 118.

95
Ibid., p. 121; Schaller,
US. Crusade in China,
pp. 42–43.

96
See Tokyo to Nanking No. 303 of 13 Dec. 1943, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 47198–99.

97
The Japanese had repeatedly considered making a major offensive earlier and then dropped the idea; one wonders what would have happened had they tried (Ch’i, pp. 69–70).

98
For a summary of the last months of fighting, see Dick Wilson,
J1Ihen Tigers Fight: The
Story of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945 (New York: Penguin, 1983), pp. 243-45. On
the whole subject, see also James C. Hsiung and Steven I. Levine (eds.), China’s Bitter Victory: The War with Japan 1937-1945 (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1992).

99
For a study of the comparative evolution of Chinese Nationalist and Communist military forces during the latter years of war, see Ch’i, pp. 122–31.

100
The official Soviet account is Nikolai Alekseevich Voznesenskii,
The Economy of the US.S.R. during World War II
(Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1948, translated from a 1947 original). Good recent surveys in Klaus Segbers,
Die Sowjetunion im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Die Mobilisierung der Verwaltung, Wirtschafi und Cesellschafi im “Crossen Vaterländischen Krieg” 1941–1943
(Munich: Oldenbourg, 1987); Arthur Marwick (ed.),
Total War and Social Change
(New York: St. Martin’s, 1988), chap. 4; John Barber and Mark Harrison,
The Soviet Home Front, 1941–1945: A Social and Economic History of the US.S.R. in World War II
(London: Longman, 1991).

101
Lord Rennell of Rodd,
British Military Administration of Occupied Territories in Africa during the Years
1941–1946 (London: HMSO, 1948); chap. 10 of this book covers Madagascar.

102
On Egypt, see John H. Turner, “Caught in the Middle: Egypt’s Wartime Relations with Britain and the Axis Powers, 1939–1942,” MA thesis, Univ. of North Carolina, 1987; internal changes in Africa are summarized in David Killingray and Richard Rathbone (eds.),
Africa in the Second World War
(New York: St. Martin’s, 1986).

103
\Villiam Roger Louis,
Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British empire,
1941–1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), is a fine study of British and American plans and controversies.

104
FDRL, PSF Box 96, Sumner Welles June-December 1940. Cf.
FRUS,
1940,5: 1157.

105
Stanley E. Hilton’s,
Hitler’s Secret War in South America: Cerman Military Espionage and Allied Counterespionage in Brazil
(New York: Ballantine, 1982) concentrates, as the sub–titleindicates, on Brazil. German support of an attempted revolution in Bolivia in August 1944 was uncovered by interception of German clandestine radio traffic (NA, RG 457,
SRH
062, p. 7). See also Blasier Cole, “The United States, Germany and the Bolivian Revolution (1941–46),”
Hispanic American Historical Review
52, No. 1, Feb. 1972.

106
A useful account in Frank D. Mc Cann, Jr.,
The Brazilian-American Alliance,
1937–1945
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1973), chaps. 12, 14.

107
Ibid., chap. 13, presents a sorry picture of Brazil’s economy during the war.

108
See
ADAP,
D, 9, No. 470, 10, Nos. 41, 80,92, 145.

109
Alton R. Frye,
Nazi Germany and the American Hemisphere
1933–1941 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 1967); Ronald C. Newton, The “Nazi Menace” in Argentina, 1931-1947 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1992).

110
A good summary in Philip Shukryi (Philip Khoury),
Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920–1945
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1986), chap. 23. See also A.B. Gannon,
The Anglo-French Collision in Lebanon and Syria, 1940-
1945 (London: Macmillan, 1986); Aviel Roshwald,
Estranged Bedfellows: Britain and France in the Middle East during World War II
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1990).

111
On the developing U.S. interest in Middle East oil, see Aaaron D. Miller,
Search for Security: Saudi Arabian Oil and American Foreign Policy,
1939–1949 (Chapel Hill, N.C.: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1980), chaps. 2–5; David S. Painter,
Oil and the American Century: The Political Economy of U.S. Foreign Oil Policy
1941–1954 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1986), chaps. 1–3; Michael B. Stoff,
Oil, War, and American Security
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 1980).

112
See Bernard Wasserstein,
Britain and the Jews of Europe,
1939–1945 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1979). For a British wartime partition plan slightly different from the earlier one see WP(43) 563, 20 Dec. 1943, PRO, CAB 66/144, f. 102–11. The British War Office was especially negative about a Jewish unit in the British army in spite of Churchill’s insistence; see PRO, WO 259/52, 79.

113
The best account remains Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims.

114
ADAP,
E, 3, No. 148. The Danes also sold the German navy eight torpedo boats (KTB Skl A 17,25 Jan. 1941, BA/MA, RM 7/20, f. 340–41).

115
ADAP,
E, 4, Nos. 6, 104, 108.

116
This can be followed in the papers of Boehm in the BA/MA, N 172/1, 4, 6, 7.

117
Note
DRuZW,
4: 877.

118
See the Quisling-Boehm talk of 23 Jan. 19421n BA/MA, N 172/4’ The best account is Hoidal,
Quisling,
chaps. 11–16.

119
ADAP,
E, 5, No. 310.

120
Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims,
2: 162–69;
DRuZW,
5/1: 58; Willard A. Fletcher,
“Plan und
Wirklichkeit: German Military Government in Luxemburg, 1940," in George 0. Kent (ed.), Historians and Archivists (Fairfax Va.: George Mason Univ. Press, 1991), PP. 145–72; Paul Dostert, Luxembourg zwischen Selbstbehauptung und nationaler Selbstaufgabe: Die deutsche Besatzungspolitik und die Volksdeutsche Bewegung 1940–45 (Luxembourg: Imprimerie Saint Paul, 1985). A major study of Luxembourg in World War II will be published by Willard A. Fletcher.

121
Note Werner Pfeiffer’s report of 18 May 1943, in BA, ZSg. 115/6, f. 101–5.

122
Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims,
2: 141–63; Gerhard Hirschfeld,
Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration: The Netherlands under German Occupation, 1940–1945
(Oxford: Berg, 1988). There is a multi–volumeofficial Dutch history summarized in English, Louis De Jong,
The Netherlands and Nazi Germany
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1990).

123
Konrad Kwiet, “Vorbereitung und Auflosung der deutschen Militarverwaltung in den Niederlanden,”
MGM
5 (1969), pp. 129, 149–51.

124
There is an important publication of Rost van Tonningen’s papers in E. Fraenkel-Verkade,
Correspondentie van Meinoud Marinus Rost van Tonningen
(s’-Gravenhagen: Nijhoff, 1967). On plans for Dutch settlements in German-controlled Russia, see Dallin,
German Rule in Russia,
p. 285 (Rost van Tonningen was a key figure in these projects).

125
Hilberg,
Destruction of the European Jews,
2: 570–97.

126
Arnold H. Price, “The Belgian-German Frontier during World War II,”
Maryland Historian,
1 (1970), 145–53.

127
Hilberg, 2: 599–608.

128
According to the diary of the mayor of Hamburg, Hitler planned to send the Gauleiter of that city, Karl Kaufmann (Krogmann Diary, 6 June 1940, Hamburg Institute, Ilk 8). Some of the Austrian Gauleiter were considered for the position in early 1942 (Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims,
2: 179).

129
The Nazis had originally pushed away Degrelle (see Boe1cke,
Kriegspropaganda,
p. 597) but changed their minds as the military situation deteriorated. See German Foreign Ministry to von Bargen, No. 184 of IS Feb. 1943, in AA, Inland IIg, “Namen D,” fr. D
441614;
ADAP,
E, 5, NO.51ns. For some candid comments by Degrelle, anticipating an almost endless war and a union of Belgium with Germany, see
ADAP,
E, 5, NO.51.

130
A good summary in Rich, 2: chap. 7.

131
Wolfgang Schivelbuch,
Die Bibliothek von Lowen: Eine Episode aus der Zeit der Weltkriege
(Munich: Hanser, 1988).

132
Bargen to Weizsäcker, 10 Oct. 1941, AA, 51.5., “Briefwechsel mit Béarnten,” Bd. 6, fr. 122709–19, Weizsäcker to Bargen, 16 Oct. 1941, fr. 122708.