A World at Arms (210 page)

151
Salewski, 2: 359.

152
Intercepted Japanese documents on this are in NA, RG 457, SRDJ 50472-74A, 56497–98, 68946–47, 83729–30, 93871; “Magic” Far East Summaries 152, 156,224, 273, SRA 12782. German naval attache Tokyo to Berlin No. E 2470 of 5 Oct. 1944, with its detailed shipping list provides an excellent example of the sort of cargo sent; it is in SRGL 1598 (see also SRGL 1571). Additional information in SRNA 603–6, SMMN 33, pp. 4290–92 .

153
Kido Diary,
pp. 364, 375; U.S. Army Center for Military History, Shuster file, interrogation of Bohle by Oron J. Hale, 26–27 July 1945.

154
Japanese naval attaché Berlin to Tokyo No. 848 of 30 Dec. 1944, and No. 131 of 4 Apr. 1945, NA, RG 457, SRNA 3697–98, 4593–94; “Magic” Far East Summary No. 156, 23 Aug. 1943, NA, RG 457, SRS 156.

155
Chief Inspector in Germany to Tokyo Nos. 165 and 176 of 15 Apr. 1945, NA, RG 457, SRNA 4707–10,4692–96; “Magic” Far East Summaries Nos. 347, 354, 403.

156
Dönitz’s very interesting project, which awaits a serious study, can be traced in the American intercepts of German and Japanese messages about it from 25 Nov. 1944–19 Mar. 1945. The German messages are in NA, RG 457, SRGL 1794–96, 1982, 1996, the guns and ammunition used on the Japanese surface ships, including their 16-inch guns (see the Japanese naval attaché message of 29 Jan. 1945 quoted in “Magic” Far East Summary No. 337, 3 Feb. 1945, p. 3).

157
The replaced German air attaché Colonel Wolfgang von Gronau was to return to Germany by submarine thereafter. When Kessler was captured in May, the two Japanese officers on the submarine committed suicide. Japanese documents on this, intercepted by the Americans, are in NA, RG 457, SRNA 3607–8, 4871–72, 4875, 4908–10, SRDJ 88665. A German message of 14 Apr. 1945, is in SRH 075, p. 3. See also COMINCH
to CINCPAC and Commander 7th fleet No. 162034 of 16 May 1945 in SRMN 33, p. 4450; Morison,
US Naval Operations,
10: 360.

158
Japanese documents on this for the period Jan. 1943-Apr. 1945, intercepted by the Americans, may be found in NA, RG 457, SRDJ 31342–44,32785,33942,34350,36954, 37957, 38946–49, 40323–24, 66833, 85409–11, 87373–74; SRNA 2086–87, 2458–59, 2812–13,3792–95,3796,4667–71; SRA 00235–36, 15627, “Magic” Summary Japanese Army Supplement, No. 77 (SRS 77), “Magic” Far East Summary No. 201 (SRS 201). German documents are in
ADAP
, E, 5, No. 180 and in AA, S1.S., “Japan,” Bd. 11. There is evidence that a Japanese airplane attempted to fly to Europe from Singapore in May 1943 and disappeared along the way (Tokyo to Berlin No. 272 of 16 May 1943, SRDJ 38950–51; Japanese military attaché Berlin to Madrid No. 351 of 9 July 1943, SRA 01169).

159
For British and American concerns about this issue, see W 1137, 3033/1137/804, PRO, FO 371/42507; War Dept., G-2 Estimate of the Enemy Situation, Japanese empire and FO 371/42507; War Dept., G-2 Estimate of the Enelrmy Situation, Japanese empire and Manchuria, 12 Apr. 1944, NA, RG 165, Entry 77, Box 2364, File 6000–Japan. The Western Powers were concerned primarily about the possible sending of blueprints; the Soviets refused to cooperate unless clear evidence of the improper use of the diplomatic pouch could be presented - and that, of course, was inside the pouches.

160
Note Salewski,
Seekriegsleitung,
2: 359; Roskill,
War at Sea,
2: 482–84.

161
Some information in Nikolai Alexeevich Piterskii (ed.),
Die Sowjet-Flotte im Zweiten Weltkrieg,
trans. by Erich F. Pruck, ed. by Jürgen Rohwer (Munich: Stalling, 1966), esp. chap. 3. See also Friedrich Ruge,
The Soviets as Naval Opponents,
1941–1945 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1979); Jürg Meister,
Soviet Warships of the Second World War
(New York: Arco, 1977).

162
See Beaumont,
Comrades in Arms,
pp. 116–25, 131–37, 140–42, 161–63.

163
Ibid., pp. 164–65.

164
Morison,
US Naval Operations,
1: 159.

165
Herring,
Aid to Russia,
pp. 72–73, 97, 115–16; detailed statistics in Motter,
Persian Corridor,
pp. 481–83.

166
ADAP
, E, 5, Nos. 104 and n 3, 356; 6, No. 68; Tokyo to Berlin No. 1744 of 4 June and No. 1873 of 17 June 1944, AA, S1.S., “Japan,” Bd. 12; “Magic” Far East Summary No. 267, 12 Dec. 1944, NA, RGS, SRS 267; German naval attaché Tokyo to Berlin No. 178 of 21 Nov. 1944, SRGL 1905; and Japanese intercepts in SRDJ 34675–76, 37898–900, 39622–23,39801,65346–51.

167
Sato quoting Molotov in his tel. No. 57 of 10 July 1943, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 40394. When a Soviet ship was sunk by a submarine in the summer of 1944, the Japanese insisted to the Russians that it had been done by an American submarine (on the basis of “signals” intelligence). The issue was quickly smoothed over while the Americans checked to make sure that the Japanese knowledge came from locator, not code-breaking, intelligence (Tokyo to Moscow No. 868 of 11 July 1944, SRDJ 64401–2; Moscow to Tokyo No. 1480 of 21 July 1944, SRDJ 65425–29).

168
The Americans were following this argument by reading the exchanges between Tokyo and the Japanese embassy in Kuibyshev and later Moscow. These documents, from 26 May to 13 Aug. 1943 (and a last item from 24 July 1944), are in NA, RG 457, SRDJ 38480,36987,37115–16,37136,37726–32, 37733–34, 37739–40, 38060, 38095–113, 38170–71, 38182–84, 38455–57, 38364–68, 38458, 38526, 38572, 38610–12, 38630–31,38756–63,40265–66, 40325–27, 41274–75, 41276–80, 42081–82, 65643–46.

169
Sally van Wegener Keil,
Those WÖnderful Women in Their Flying Machines
(New York: Rawson, Wade, 1979).

170
Memorandum for Roosevelt, early May 1942, FDRL, PSF Box 68, Russia 1942–43.

171
FRl JS,
1942, 2: 702.

172
Lukas,
Eagles East,
pp. 166–67; Herring,
Aid to Russia,
pp. 70, 72; C. P. Stacey,
Arms,
Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada, 1939–1945
(Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1970), pp. 379–82. The papers of General Follett Bradley, the key American figure in this, are in the U.S. Air Force Academy Library as M.S. I.

173
On the Alaska Highway and its role, Stacey,
Canada and the Age of Conflia,
pp. 155, 361–62; Stacey,
Anns, Men and Governments,
pp. 348, 382–83; Joseph Bykofsky and Harold

174
Ziemke,
Moscow to Stalingrad,
chap. 6; Erickson,
Road to Stalingrad,
pp. 289–91, 329–30.

8: THE WAR IN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA

1
Ziemke,
Moscow to Stalingrad,
pp. 283–86, 327–28.

2
Ibid., pp. 301, 303;
KTB Halder,
3: 436, 5 May 1942. After the war Halder pretended that he had opposed the 1942 offensive; there was in fact no opposition from him or anyone else in German headquarters (
DRuZW,
6: 774).

3
Ziemke,
Moscow to Stalingrad,
chap. 14;
DRuZW,
6: 788ff.

4
The relevant segments of the Soviet appreciation are translated in Ziemke,
Moscow to
Stalingrad,
pp. 302–3.

5
Ibid., pp. 307–8, 328–30.

6
Ibid., pp. 269–82; Erickson,
Road to Stalingrad,
pp. 344–47;
DRuZW,
6: 852–64.

7
Erickson,
Road to Stalingrad,
pp. 347–50; Ziemke,
Moscow to Stalingrad,
pp. 261–69; David M. Glantz,
Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War
(London: Cass 1989), pp. 182–88;
DRuZW,
6: 841–45. The Germans captured over 150,000 prisoners.

8
A good account of the monster gun in Charles B. Burdick, “DORA: The Germans’ Biggest Gun,”
Military Review
11 (1961 ), 72–75.

9
Ziemke,
Moscow to Stalingrad,
pp. 309–21; Erickson,
Road to Stalingrad,
pp. 350–52;
DRuZW
, 6: 845-52; Alfred Philippi and Ferdinand Heim, Der Feldzug gegen Sowjetrussland 1941 bis 1945 (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1962). p. 124, refer to 24,000 German casualties. The Soviet official work, Istoriya Vtoroi Mirovoi Voyny (12 vols. Moscow: Voyennoye lzdateltsvo, 1973-82), 5: 137, says about 150,000.

10
Philippi and Heim, p. 129;
DRuZW,
6: 816ff.

11
See the account by Colonel von Geldern-Crispendorfin his papers in BA/MA, N 185/1, f. 785. Ziemke (p. 35 I) gives July 14; Hillgruber
(KTB OKW,
2, Part 1: 58) July 16 as the date of Hitler’s move. The most recent account of Hitler’s dismissal of Field Marshal von Bock is in
DRuZW,
6: 876–75; it shows Halder and the whole high command of the army as in agreement with Hitler.f. 785. Ziemke (p. 35 I) gives July 14; Hillgruber
(KTB OKW,
2, Part 1: 58) July 16 as the date of Hitler’s move. The most recent account of Hitler’s dismissal of Field Marshal von Bock is in
DRuZW
, 6: 876-75; it shows Haider and the whole high command of the army as in agreement with Hitler.

12
The text of the 23 July 1942 directive is in Hubatsch,
Hitlers Weisungen,
pp. 196–200. The directive for the main operation itself, No. 41 of 5 April 1942, is in ibid., pp. 183–88. There are good accounts of the fighting in Ziemke,
Moscow to Stalingrad,
pp. 321–57; Erickson,
Road to Stalingrad,
pp. 353–63;
DRuZW,
6: 868ff (with special stress on the hopelessly inadequate logistical preparations and maintenance for the German 6th Army).

13
The detailed orders are in Directive 45 cited in the preceding footnote (see also
KTB
OKW,
2, Part 1: 60–62). Hitler’s July 10 decision that the conquered Caucasus area would be under the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories rather than falling under the jurisdiction of the German Foreign Ministry
(
ADAP
,
E, 3, No. 83) may fit into this context. See also Andreas Hillgruber, “‘Nordlicht’-Die deutschen Plane zur

14
Note the anxious memorandum of American intelligence on the dangers for all the Allies of the German advance into the Caucasus, War Dept., Military Intelligence Service, “Military Potentialities in the Caucasus,” 17 Sep. 1942, NA, RG 165, Entry 77, Box 3484, File U.S.S.R. 6910.

15
Ziemke,
Moscow to Stalingrad,
chap. 18; Erickson,
Road to Stalingrad,
pp. 376–8 I.

16
Önder,
Turkische Aussenpolitik,
pp. 142–57;
ADAP
, E, 2, No. 33, 3, No. 284; Ankara to Tarabaya No. 92 of 27 July 1941 and Rohde to Papen, 28 July 1942, AA, Botschaft Ankara, “Geheime Erlasse, Berichte,” Bd. 17, fro 488605–6; German embassy Turkey, “Die aussenpolitische Stellung der Türkei,” 1 Sep. 1942, ibid., Bd. 18, fro 488676–83; Ziemke,
Moscow to Stalingrad,
p. 370.

17
On Project Velvet, see the documents in PRO, AIR 8/ 1055–58, AIR 19/557, AIR 20/2483–84,3878–80, CAB 120/291; FDRL, Map Room Box 170, A 16, Air Warfare U.S.S.R.. Accounts in Lukas,
Eagles East,
chap. 10; Beaumont,
Comrades in Arms,
pp. 125–26.

18
Geoffrey Jukes,
Hitler’s Stalingrad Decisions
(Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Press, 1985), pp. 38–40.

19
The unit was the Grossdeutschland division which, however, ended up being sent to the central part of the Eastern Front (Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin,
pp. 357–58, 364–65, 375, 405–7).

20
The most recent account in Gilbert.
Churchill,
7: chap. 11. Information obtained on this by the Japanese is in Kuibyshev to Tokyo No. 843 of 4 Sep. 1942, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 26655.

21
Roger Beaumont, “The Bomber Offensive as a Second Front,”
JGH
22 (1987), 10–12.

22
Note, for example, Churchill’s personal pushing of the fog dispersal system FIDO, starting in October 1941, to save planes and to make more frequent raids possible (documents in PRO, AIR 8/781).

23
On these issues, see Webster and Frankland,
Strategic Air Offensive,
I: chaps. 5–6; Hastings,
Bomber Command,
pp. 156–64. On the speech of Sir Stafford Cripps of Feb. 25, 1942, which was interpreted by some as a sign of loss of confidence in the bomber offensive, see also Saward,
“Bomber” Harris
pp. 116–17, and the documents in PRO, AIR 8/619.

24
The British were also finding out more about the German defenses} the commando raid on St. Bruneval to seize a German “Würzburg” radar took place on Feb. 27–28, 1942 (see Hinsley,
British Intelligence,
2: 248–49). The successful air raid on the Renault works was on Mar. 9, 1942 (Hastings, pp. 172–73).

25
Saward,
“Bomber” Harris,
pp. 118–26, 132–33; Hastings, pp. 173–77.

26
Boog,
Luftwaffenj Uhrung,
p. 133.

27
Hastings, pp. 149–54; Saward, pp. 149–50; Roger Beaumont, “Bomber Offensive,” pp. 7–9. An account sympathetic to Lord Cherwell is in the authorized biography: Earl of Birkenhead, The Professor and the Prime Minister (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962), pp. 258–67.

28
Saward, pp. 138–46; Hastings, pp. 177–80; Webster and Frankland, I: chap. 7.

29
Boog,
Luftwaffenführung,
p. 524. The first Japanese report was also ridiculously inaccurate by contrast with later reports on the bombing of Germany which were generally very frank (Berlin to Tokyo No. 710 of 3 June 1942, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 23755).

30
See Saward, pp. 160–81; Portal to Brooke, 28 Sep. 1942, PRO, AIR 8/878; Brooke Diary 22 and 23 Oct. 1942, Alanbrooke Papers, Liddell Hart Centre.

31
Herring,
Aid to Russia,
pp. 74–75, 84–85; John D. Langer, “The ‘Red General’: Philip R. Faymonville and the Soviet Union, 1917–52,”
Prologue
8 (1976), 219.

32
Much of the text is quoted in Ziemke,
JWoscow to Stalingrad,
pp. 361–62. See also Erickson,
him by the Mexican ambassador to the U.S. (FDRL, PSF Box 68, Russia 1942–43).