A World at Arms (204 page)

165
Jochmann,
Hitler Monologe,
17/18 Sep. 1941, p. 64. The statement of Hitler on 27 Nov. 1941 to Danish Foreign Minister Erik Scavenius that, if the German people were ever no longer sufficiently strong and willing to make sacrifices to shed their own blood for its existence, it would deserve to be crushed and to vanish (which is sometimes cited as a first recognition of coming defeat), is in fact nothing of the sort. The context is one of dealing with the fighting by others on the Eastern Front; the Czechs being the people just mentioned. The Germans, Hitler argued, would and should do their own fighting (
ADAP,
D, 13, No. 510).

166
Ribbentrop to Papen No. 1429 of 26 Sep. 1941, AA, S1.S., “Türkei,” Bd. 4, fr. 173278–80; cf. Ribbentrop to Schwerin-Krosigk, 30 Aug. 1941, BA, R 2/24243. No technical conclusions were, however, drawn from these prospects of a war lasting many years (note
DRuZW
, 4: 710).

6: HALTING THE JAPANESE ADVANCE, HALTING THE GERMAN ADVANCE

1
After almost 40 years, the best account remains Louis Morton,
The Fall ofthe Philippines
(Washington: GPO, 1953) in the U.S. Army in World War II series. I had the benefit of discussing the problems of writing that work in the absence of much important evidence with its late author. See also Paul S. Dull,
A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy (1941–1945)
(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1978), chap. 2.

2
A good account in James Leutze,
A Different Kind ofVictory: A Biography ofAdmiral Thomas C. Hart
(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1981), chap. 9.

3
Carol M. Petillo, “Douglas MacArthur and Manuel Quezon: A Note on an Imperial Bond,”
Pacific Historical Review
48 (1979), 107–17.

4
The best account of this terrible episode is Stanley L. Falk,
Bataan: The March of Death
, originally published in 1977 (New York: Jove Books, 1983). There is also a good discussion of the fighting in Willmott,
Empires
, chap. 13.

5
S. Woodburn Kirby,
The War against Japan
, Vol. 1 (London: HMSO, 1971 [1953]), chaps. 8–9.

6
Dull,
Imperial Japanese Navy
, chap. 3; Willmott,
Empires
, pp. 161–72; Kreis,
Air Base Defense
, pp. 94–111, 133–35; Louis Allen,
Singapore
1941–1942 (London: DavisPoynter, 1977).

7
Arthur J. Marder,
Old Friends, New Enemies: The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy
(Oxford: Clarendon, 1981), pp. 213–3 I, on the origins of “Force Z” and Vol. 3 on its fate.

8
Willmott, pp. 178ff; Long,
Six Years’ War
, pp. 124ff.

9
Note Willmott, pp. 186–90.

10
Ibid., chaps. 8, 11.

11
It should be noted that for the first two days the Japanese landed only infantry on Singapore island; the greatly feared tanks came thereafter. See the British study of March 1945, “The Japanese Attack on Singapore Island - February 1942,” pp. 3–4, PRO, WOl06/2623.

12
For a report countering the allegation that it was the Indian troops who let everybody down, see PRO, WO 106/2590. On individual escapes from the disaster, see Joseph Kennedy,
When Singapore Fell: Evacuation and Escapes, 1941–42
(New York: St. Martin’s, 1989).

13
Wavell to Brooke, 17 Feb. 1942, PRO, WO 106/2609A; this is the letter quoted in Kirby,
War Against Japan,
p. 468. See also Wavell to Brooke No. 1200 of 8 Apr. 1942, Liddell Hart Centre, Alanbrooke Papers, 14160.

14
See PRO, WO 106/2609A, 2812.

15
Relevant documents are in PRO, WO 106/3317.

16
See, e.g.,
ADAP
, E, I, No. 225; Tokyo No. 124 to Berlin of 15 Feb. 1942, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 19854; Oshima’s No. 241 of 18 Feb. 1942, SRDJ 19876; KTB Skl A 28, 21 Dec. 1941, BA/MA, RM 7/31, f. 322. See also Woodward,
British Foreign Policy,
4: 42–45. it should be noted that only on Timor did Allied (Australian) forces continue with guerilla warfare for a year before being evacuated.

17
Note Roosevelt’s concern in
FDR Letters,
2: 1281.

18
Leutze,
Different Kind of Viaory,
chap. 10; Dull,
Imperial Japanese Navy,
chap. 4; John Costello,
The Pacific War
(New York: Quill, 1982), pp. 204–10; Marder et a I.,
Old Friends, New Enemies,
Vol. 2,
The Pacific War, 1942–1945
(Oxford: Clarendon, 1990), chaps. 2-
New Enemies,
Vol. 2,
The Pacific War,
1942–1945 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1990), chaps. 2–3

19
Willmott,
Empires,
chap. 12.

20
A good account of the campaign in ibid., chap. 4.

21
See Peggy Warner,
The Coffin Boats: Japanese Midget Submarine Operations in the Second World War
(London: Leo Cooper, 1986), chap. 9.

22
Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland,
Stilwell’s Mission to China
(Washington: GPO,

23
For Java, see Joyce C. Lebra,
Japanese-Trained Armies in Southeast Asia: Independence and Volunteer Forces in World War II
(New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1977), 78–83; for Sumatra, see ibid., pp. 126–27, 156–57; cf. Willmott,
Empires,
pp. 363–65.

24
See Nigel J. Brailey,
Thailand and the Fall of Singapore: A Frustrated Asian Revolution
(Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1986).

25
See Japanese Consul General New York to Tokyo No. 507 of 22 Nov. 1941, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 23540; U Saw’s message of 31 Dec. 1941 is in Oshima to Tokyo No. 32 of 7 Jan. 1942, SRDJ 18768–73; see also Oshima No. 31 of 8 Jan. 1942, SRDJ 19511–12, 19523–34; Oshima No. 33 of 8 Jan. 1942, SRDJ 19533–34; Tokyo to Oshima No. 30 of 19 Jan. 1942, SRDJ 19016–17; and the documents filed under F 1740/662/61 in PRO, FO 371/31776. On the Burmese Independence Army formed and then dissolved by the Japanese, see Lebra,
Japanese-Trained Armies,
pp. 64–65.

26
An excellent account is still Yale Candee Maxon,
Control of Japanese Foreign Policy: A
Study of Civil-Military Relations
1930–1945
(Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1957).

27
For material on the leisurely British plans for a scorched earth policy in Fiji, see the documents in PRO, WO 106/2605.

28
See Willmott,
Empires,
chap. 15; H.P. Willmott,
The Barner and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies, February to June 1942
(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1983), chaps. 1–2; Stephan,
Hawaii under the Rising Sun
, chaps. 6–7.

29
On these issues, see Johannes H. Voigt,
Indien im Zweiten Weltmeg
(Stuttgart: Deutsche VerlagsAnstalt, 1978), and Milan Hauner,
India in Axis Strategy
(Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981 ).

30
See the piece on the years 1936–40 in C.H. Philips and Mary D. Wainright (eds.),
The
Partition of India: Policies and Perspeaives 1935–1947
(London: Allen & Unwin, 1970), pp. 79–94. Interesting in spite of the absence of documentation is the book on Lord
Bay
(London: Collins, 1970). Very helpful is Robin J. Moore,
Churchill, Cripps, and India,
1939–1945 (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1979). Kenton J. Clymer, “Franklin D. Roosevelt, Louis Johnson, India and Anticolonialism: Another Look,”
Pacific Historical Review
57 (1988), 261–84, shows that the American government backed off from pushing
for concessions to the Indian nationalist movement only when Churchill threatened to resign.

31
it is worth noting the views of the generally rather pro-Japanese Sir Robert Craigie, “India and the ‘Co-Prosperity’ Sphere,” 14 Oct. 1942, F 7103/845/23, PRO, FO 371/31833. See also Lebra,
Japanese-Trained Annies
, pp. 23–25; Tokyo to Rome No. 349 of 31 Dec. 1941, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 18418–19.

32
In addition to Voigt and Hauner, cited in n. 29 above, see Leonard A. Gordon,
Brothers
against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose
(London: Columbia Univ. Press, 1990), pp. 456–60, 486, 524; Oshima No. 243 of 19 Feb. 1942, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 19915–16; Oshima No. 17 of 4 Jan. 1942, SRDJ 18661–64; Rome to Tokyo Nos. 813 and 814 of 16 Dec. 1941, SRDJ 17796–98; Rome No. 833 of 20 Dec. 1941, SRDJ 17989-90; Rome No. 840 of 26 Dec. 1941, SRDJ 18227; Berlin to Tokyo No. 1492 of 19 Dec. 1941, SRDJ 18306; Tokyo to Berlin No. 158 of 27 Feb. 1942, SRDJ 20171; Japanese military attaché Berlin No. 3469 of 29 Jan. 1942, SRA 17360–62; Japanese military attaché Rome No. 585 of 12 Feb. 1942, SRA 16216; U.S. National Archives,
Guides to Microfilmed Records of the German Navy,
No.2, p. 60.

On Bose in early 1942, see German press directives of 28 Feb., 11 and 27 Mar. 1942, BA, Brammer ZSg. 101/23, f. 88, 107, 134; Oshima No. 574 of 3 May 1942, SRDJ 22299–300; Japanese military attaché Rome No. 453 of 4 May 1942, SRA 16982; Rome No. 352 of 21 May 1942, SRDJ 22866; Oshima No. 715 of 4 June 1942, SRDJ 23353; Oshima No. 845 of 4 July 1942, SRDJ 24456–59;
ADAP
, E, 3, No. 198.

When Bose saw von Ribbentrop in October 1942, he expressed a wish for German help in training the Indian police; here was evidently a subject on which he thought the Germans had something to teach his people
ADAP
, E, 4, No. 50). Bose left Germany on 9 Feb. 1943 on U-180 and reached Tokyo on 21 May; Martin Brice,
Axis Blockade Runners of World War II
(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1981), p. 130; “Vertrauliche Informationen Nr. 148 (I. Ergänzung),” 18 June 1943, BA, Oberheitmann ZSg. 109/43, f. 30–32. The Allies followed his travels by reading the relevant Japanese telegrams; these may be found in NA, RG 457, SRDJ 30414, 30444, 31314, 35584, 35682, 3662 I.

33
Francis G. Hutchins,
India’s Revolution: Gandhi and the Quit India Movement
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1973), stresses the long-term political and psychological impact of the upheaval.

34
Note Auchinleck to Brooke, 3 May 1942, pointing out that six of his fourteen divisions in the Middle East were from India (Liddell Hart Centre, Alanbrooke Papers, 6/0/4 (e), Item M).

35
On the sortie into the Indian Ocean, see Willmott,
Empires,
pp. 441–46; Dull,
Imperial
Japanese Navy,
chap. 7; Marder,
Old Friends, New Enemies,
2: chaps. 4–6; “Notes on the Military Situation in Ceylon,” 17 Mar. 1942, Pownall Diary, March 1942-Sep. 1943, Liddell Hart Centre.

36
Oshima’s Nos. 377–378 of 17 Mar. 1942, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 20696-98; KTB Skl A 28,22 Dec. 1941, BA/MA, RW/31, f. 242; Wenneker and Ott No. 487 of 19 Feb. 1942, Ott No. 500 of 20 Feb. 1942, and Berlin reply No. 579 of 27 Feb. 1942, AA, St.S., “Japan,” Bd. 6, fro 39694–96, 39726–28;
ADAP
,
E, 2, Nos. 48 (the Japanese report on this was passed by the U.S. to Britain with Roosevelt’s request that it be shown to Churchill; Hinsley,
British Intelligence,
2: 85n), 178, 195.

37
See Brooke Diary, 10 Dec. 1941, Liddell Hart Centre; De Gaulle to Churchill, 16 Dec. 1941, PRO, PREM 3/265/1 and other documents in this file.

38
Brooke Diary, 18 Dec. 1941, Liddell Hart Centre; Churchill minute on Eden to Churchill, PM 42/46 of 5 Mar. 1942, and Personal Minute D.68/2, 30 Mar. 1942, PRO, PREM 3/265/1. Eventually the area was turned over to de Gaulle; see the documents in FO 371/31898, 31900.

39
Churchill to Smuts, 18 Feb. 1942, Z 1480/23/17, PRO, FO 371/31897; Churchill to Smuts No 488 of 24 Mar. 1942, PRO, PREM 3/265/2; Balfour to Sinclair, 24 and 28 Feb. 1942, PRO, AIR 20/2828. On the internal situation in South Africa, see the documents in PRO, WO 106/4932. On U.S. pressure to move, see Dill to COS, JSM 66 of 24 Feb. 1942, PRO, PREM 3/265/2; Samuel E. Morison,
History of United States
Naval Operations in World War II,
15 vols. (Boston: Little Brown, 1947–62), 1: 167–68. 66 of 24 Feb. 1942, PRO, PREM 3/265/2; Samuel E. Morison,
History of United States
Naval Operations in World War II,
15 vols. (Boston: Little Brown, 1947–62), 1: 167–68.

40
Brooke Diary, 12, 13, 18 Mar. 1942, Liddell Hart Centre; Admiralty to Foreign Office No. 1641 of 19 Mar. 1942, PRO, PREM 3/265/2; Thomas,
Britain and Vichy,
pp. 184–85; Simpson,
Admiral Stark,
p. 150; Stephen W. Roskill,
The War at Sea, 1939–1945,
3 No. 1641 of 19 Mar. 1942, PRO, PREM 3/265/2; Thomas,
Britain and Vichy,
pp. 184–85; Simpson,
Admiral Stark,
p. 150; Stephen W. Roskill,
The War at Sea,
1939-194S,
3
vols in 4 parts (London: HMSO, 1954–61),2: 185–92; Marder,
Old Friends, New Enemies
, 2: 155–61; documents in PRO, AIR 20/4498, WO 17411–2. Cf.
ADAP
, E, 4, No. 113.

41
Robert O. Paxton,
Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order,
1940–1944
(New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1982), p. 313 n 43; see also COS to all British C-in-C’s in Africa, OZ 138 of 4 May 1942, Alanbrooke Papers, 6/D/4(e), Item K, Liddell Hart Centre.

42
Peggy Warner,
Coffin Boats,
pp. 146–49; Wilfred J. Holmes,
Undersea Viaory,
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), P.131.

43
Stephan,
Hawaii under the Rising Sun,
pp. 92–94.

44
The full text of the Dec. 1941 memorandum is printed in Storry,
Double Patriots,
pp. 317–19.

45
Stephan, pp. 103–5.

46
Holmes,
Undersea Viaory,
p. 96. In June other submarines shelled the Oregon coast and Vancouver island.

47
On the Japanese deliberations, see Stephan,
Hawaii under the Rising Sun,
pp. 106–13; Toshikazu Ohmae, “Die strategischen Konzeptionen der Japanischen Marine im Zweiten Weltkrieg,”
Marine-Rundschau
53 (1956), p. 194;
Willmott,Empires,
chap. 15; Willmott,
Barrier,
chaps. 1–2. The text of the official policy adopted at the Liaison Conference of 13 Mar. 1942, is in Morton,
Strategy,
pp. 611–13.