A World at Arms (203 page)

107
Note the comment by Konrad Weygold, “Die Nachfolge des Ob.d.H.,” Feb. 1956, BA/MA Nachlass Förste, N 328/53. De Beaulieu,
Erich Hoepner
, pp. 220–42, argues strongly the other way. All plans to reduce Hitler)s responsibilities now that he had taken on the daily direction of the army were rejected by him on Jan. 16, 1942; see BA, R 43 II 1958, f. 8–31.

108
Erickson,
Road to Stalingrad
, pp. 277–92, chap. 8;
DRuZW
, 4: 600–50; Ziemke,
Moscow to Stalingrad,
pp. 134–42.

109
Note the lengthy report of 25 Feb. 1942 by the British chargé in Kuibyshev on the recapture of the town of Mozhaisk on 20 Jan. 1942 (N 1585/30/38, PRO, FO 37 1/32906).

110
An excellent survey in Catherine Andreyev,
Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement: Soviet Reality and Emigré Theories
(Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1987).

111
On the Cholm and Demyansk air supply operations and their cost to the Germans, see Murray, Luftwaffe, pp. 116–17.

112
Ziemke,
Moscow to Stalingrad,
pp. 143–55, 186–98, 254–60.

113
Ibid., pp. 161–85, 249–52.

114
Ibid., pp. 240–49. Much of the author’s study of the war and the partisans in this area, Gerhard L. Weinberg,
The Partisan Movement in the Yelnya-Dorogobuzh Area of Smolensk Oblast
(Maxwell AFB, Ala.: HRRI, 1954), has been reprinted in Armstrong,
Partisans,
pp. 385–457.

115
On the Izyum offensive, see Ziemke,
Moscow to Stalingrad,
pp. 156–61; for the destruction of the pocket, see pp. 269–82.

116
Ibid., chap. 6. The naval aspect is examined in Chapter 7, below.

117
There is an excellent account of this, perhaps the most successful German deception operation of World War II, in Earl F. Ziemke, “Operation Kreml: Deception, Strategy, and the Fortunes of War,”
Parameters, Journal of the U.S. Army War College
9, No. 1 (1979), 72-83. The Soviet General Staff study,
Battle for Stalingrad
(Louis C. Rotundo, ed.) (Washington: Pergamon-Brassey, 1989), chap. 2, prepared in 1943, still held to the mistaken belief in Moscow as the primary target.

118
Erickson,
Road to Stalingrad,
pp. 335–42. The British thought that the Russians, like themselves and the Americans, also expected an attack in the south (Hinsley,
British Intelligence,
2: 96–98).

119
Earl F. Ziemke,
The German Northern Theater of Operations,
1940–1945
(Washington: GPO, 1960), pp. 223–28; Ziemke,
Moscow to Stalingrad,
pp. 226–33.

120
Erickson,
Road to Stalingrad,
pp. 344–47; Ziemke,
Moscow to Stalingrad,
pp. 269–82.

121
DRuZW,
4: 698–99.

122
Ibid., pp. 710–11. Some useful information on Udet is in Armand van Ishoven,
The Fall of an Eagle: The Life of Fighter Ace Ernst Udet,
Chaz Bowjer, trans. (London: Kimber, 1979).

123
DRuZW
, 4: 1023, 5, 1: 629, 1000.

124
Diary of the Chief of Staff, Befehlshaber des Ersatzheeres, 20 Mar. 1942, Imperial War Museum, MI 14/981/3.

125
See
DRuZW
, 4: 1085. See also Hitler’s order of Aug. 20, 1941,to push forward with the development of the V-2 which would obviously not be ready for some time (Dieter Holsken, “Die V-Waffen: Entwicklung und Einsatzgrundsatze,”
MGM
38, NO.2 (1985), 95–122).

126
“Notizen über den Vortrag des Chefs H. Rüst und B d E beim Führer ... am 23.12.1941,” 28 Dec. 1941, Imperial War Museum, MI 14/981/2.

127
ADAP
, E, I, Nos. 51,106.

128
Boog,
Luftwaffenführung,
p. 65. For British knowledge of the shift, see Hinsley,
British Intelligence
, 2: 149ff.

129
Jochmann,
Hitler Monologe
, 26/27 Feb. 1942, p. 300.

130
DRuZW
, 4: 702–3. On the Luftwaffe’s declining effectiveness on the Eastern Front, see Murray,
Luftwaffe
, pp. 91–103, 115–17.

131
ADAP
, E, I, Nos. 14, 54, 71, 91, 92, 98, 130;
KTB Halder
, 3: 361 (20 Dec. 1941); Rintelen and Mackensen to Ribbentrop No. 3140 of 2 Dec. 1941, AA, St.S., “Italien,” Bd. 7, fr. 331841–42. Some German troops were, in addition, withdrawn from the Balkans and replaced by Italian and Bulgarian units (Gosztony,
Hitlers Fremde Heere
, pp. 195–207; Jürgen Förster,
Stalingrad
[Freiburg: Rombach, 1975], pp. 13–23).

132
ADAP
, E, 2, NO.7. For early examples of armed formations of Russian soldiers fighting alongside the Germans, see Weinberg,
Yelnya-Dorogobuzh,
pp. 103–9 (reprinted in Armstrong,
Partisans
, pp. 440–43); Alexander Dallin, “The Kaminsky Brigade, 1941–1944” (Harvard Univ. Project on the Soviet Social System, 1952), pp. 1–26. Hitler did approve of" unit of Crimean Tatars (
ADAP
, E, 2, No. 132).

133
Hitler-Oshima meeting of Dec. 13, 1941: German record in
ADAP
, E, I, No. 12, Japanese record in Oshima No. 1471, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 17775–76; Hitler-RibbentropOshima meetings of Jan. 2–3, 1942: German record in
ADAP
, E, I, Nos. 84, 87, Puttkamer, “Niederschrift uber Ausserungen des Führers vom 4.1.42.,” BA/MA, RM
6/75, f. 225–26, Japanese record in Oshima No. 17, SRDJ 18661–64; Oshima-Ribbentrop meeting of Mar. 17, 1942: German record in
ADAP
,
E, 2, No. 48, Japanese report in Oshima Nos. 377–78, SRDJ 20696-g8. For Oshima’s perceptive report on the Eastern Front of 18 Jan. 1942, see his No. 80 in SRDJ 19000–5.

134
On American anticipation of a German attack toward Stalingrad and the Caucasus, see FDR to Combined Chiefs of Staff, 24 Feb. 1942, FDRL, PSF Box 80, Navy 1942; U.S. military attaché Moscow Report 2036, “Analysis of the German Failure in 1941 and An Estimate on Future Events,” 10 Mar. 1942, NA, RG 165, Entry 77, Box 1418, 6900Germany.

135
The best account is in Streit,
Keine Kameraden,
chaps. 6–7. Streit has summarized and updated this account in Gerd R. Ueberschär and Wolfram Wette (eds.), “
Unternehmen Barbarossa” Der deutsche Überfall auf die Sowjetunion 1941
(Paderborn: Schöningh, 1984), pp. 197–218. The German general in Croatia had a fairly clear understanding of the mass murder of POWs and Jews by Aug. 27, 1941 (Broucek,
Ein General im Zwielicht
, 3: 127).

136
Note Fröhlich,
Goebbels Tagebücher
, 20 June 1941,4: 705.

137
The details may be followed in Breitman,
Architect of Genocide
, chaps. 7–9.

138
Jochmann,
Hitler Monologe
, p. 99, also 25 Oct. 1941, p. 106; Krogmann Diary, 21 Oct. 1941, Hamburg Forschungsstelle, 11 k 9.

139
The record of this notorious conference has been published repeatedly; the surviving one of the thirty original copies is the one from the German Foreign Ministry,
ADAP
, E, I, No. 150; see also Doscher,
Auswärtige Amt im Dritten Reich
, pp. 221–37. Those who still believe in Hitler’s desire for good relations with England have not considered the implications of the inclusion of that country’s Jews in the murder program.

140
Note that at a meeting of representatives of the press on Nov. 15, 1941, it was explained that the term “Sonderbehandlung” (special treatment) meant shooting or liquidating (“Bestellungen aus der Pressekonferenz vom 15. November mittags,” BA, Brammer, ZSg 101/22, f. 141). Any who failed to understand were personally briefed by Rosenberg who spoke to the press on Nov. 19 to explain that six million Jews in Russia and all of Europe were to be killed (Dr. Kausch, “Streng vertraulicher Informationsbericht,” ZSg. 101/41, f.347–51).

141
Döscher,
Auswärtige Amt im Dritten Reich
, pp. 246–48.

142
Ibid., pp. 238ff. For contemporary German reactions, see Ernst Klee
et al.
(eds.), “
Schone Zeiten”: Judenmord aus der Sicht der Tater und Gaffer
(FrankfurtlM: Fischer, 1988).

143
ADAP
, E, I, No. 227, No. 104 n 4.

144
Ibid., D, 13, No. 516.

145
See Christopher R. Browning, “Wehrmacht Reprisal Policy and the Mass Murder of Jews in Serbia,”
MGM
1/83 (1983),31–47. This piece has been reprinted in Browning’s
Fateful Months: Essays on the Emergence ofthe Final Solution
(rev. ed., New York: Holmes & Meier, 1991), chap. 2.

146
Quotations from the directives of Reichenau, Manstein, and Hoth are in Streit,
Keine Kameraden
, pp. 115–17. The quotation in the text is from Reichenau’s. See also Krausnick and Wilhelm,
Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges
, pp. 258–61; Jehuda W. Wallach, “Feldmarschall Erich von Manstein und die Judenausrottung in Russland,”
Jahrbuch des Instituts für Deutsche Geschichte
(Tel Aviv), 4 (1975), 457–72; Orner Bartov,
Hitler’s Anny: Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991), chap. 3.

147
The main works on the subject are Walter Laqueur,
The Terrible Secret
(New York: Penguin Books, 1981); and Walter Laqueur and Richard Breitman,
Breaking the Silence
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986).

148
Hinsley,
British Intelligence
, 2: 671, 673. Since there are no file references for these statements, the records themselves are scheduled to be kept secret permanently (ibid., p. x).

149
On the Vatican and the killing of Jews at this time, see Chadwick,
Britain and the Vatican,
chap. 9.

150
Donald Hendrick and Grattan Puxon,
The Destiny of Europe’s Gypsies
(New York: Basic Books, 1972), chap. 7; Joachim S. Hohmann,
Zigeuner und Zigeunerwissenscha Jt: Ein Beitrag zur Grundlagenforschung und Dokumentation des Vijlkermordes im “Dritten Reich”
(Marburgl Lahn: Guttardin & Hoppe, 1980).

151
An analysis of the systematic killing of the inmates of mental institutions and old folks’ homes in the Eastern occupied areas remains to be written. The topic is touched on in Krausnick and Wilhelm,
Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges.
A good introduction in Angelika Ebbinghaus and Gerd Preissler (eds.), “Die Ermordung psychisch kranker Menschen in der Sowjetunion, Dokumentation,” in Gotz Aly et a I.,
Aussonderung und Tod: Die klinische Hinrichtung der Unbrauchbaren
(Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag, 1987).

152
The relevant section of Alexander Dallin’s fine study,
German Rule in Russia
, pp. 31019, is appropriately entitled: “The Geopolitics of Starvation.”

153
On these issues, see Michael Kater, Doctors under Hitler (Chapel Hill, N.C.: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1990). The experiments with new techniques were included in the pioneering work, Alexander Mitscherlich and Fred Mielke,
Das Diktat der Menschenverachtung
(Heidelberg: Lambert Schneider, 1947), pp. 149–62.

154
This is not contradicted by the fact that some individuals argued for the sterilization instead of the murder of all Jews; see the July 8, 1941 entry in
Leeb KTB
, p. 288.

155
A detailed account in Dallin,
German Rule in Russia
, chap. 14.

156
Relevant documents are in BA, Reichskommissar für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums, and in Reichskanzlei, R 43 II, 985, 985a-c, 986, 1092, 1092a-b, 1087a, 1565, 1620–22. Some of the generals used their money to purchase land inside pre-war Germany. The appearance of my piece, “Zur Dotation Hitlers an Generalfeldmarschall Ritter von Leeb,”
MGM
No.2, (1979) pp. 97–99, led the German magazine
Stern
to publish a summary of the bribery program by Peter Meroth, “Vorschuss auf den Endsieg,” 12 June 1980, pp. 86–92. There is a brief reference in Helmut Heiber (ed.),
Hitlers Lagebesprechungen: Protokollfragmente seiner militärischen KonJerenzen 1942–1945
(Stuttgart: Deutsche VerlagsAnstalt, 1962), p. 618 n 4.

157
Maurice Matloff and Edwin M. Snell,
Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1941–1942
(Washington: GPO, 1953), pp. 98–1 I I; J. M. A. Gwyer,
Grand Strategy
, Vol. 3, Pt. 1 (London: HMSO, 1964), chaps. 14–15; Gilbert, Churchill, 7: chaps. 1–2; Mark A. Stoler, The Politics of the Second Front (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977), pp. 22–26; Knoll,
Jugoslawien in Strategie
, pp. 245–50; Krautkramer, “Vorgeschichte,” p. 225; Dallek,
Roosevelt and Foreign Policy
, pp. 321–22; Pogue, Marshall, 2: chap. 12.

158
An excellent account in Alexander Danchev, Very
Special Relationship: Field Marshal Sir John Dill and the Anglo-American Alliance 1941–44
(London: Brassey’s, 1986), pp. 10–25.

159
Forrest C. Pogue,
George C. Marshall, 3: Organizer of Victory, 1943–1945
(New York: Viking Press, 1973), pp. 481–83.

160
See JIC
⁴²
377(0) Final, War Cabinet, Joint Intelligence Sub-Committee, “Communications between the Far East and German Europe,” 3 Oct. 1942, p. 5, PRO, PREM 3/74/3.

161
Berlin to Tokyo No. 1765 of 9 Oct. 1941, AA, St.S., “Japan,” Bd. 5, fro 60685–86; BA/MA, PG 48808.

162
ADAP
, D, 13, No. 216; Theo Michaux, “Rohstoffe aus Ostasien: Die Fahrten der Blockadebrecher,”
WehrwissenschaJtliche Rundschau
5 (1955), 487–94; “Blockade Running between Europe and the Far East by Submarine,” SRH 019, NA, RG 457; U.S. War Dept., G-2, “‘Magic’-Far East Summary No. 256,” 1 Dec. 1944, SRS 256, NA, RG 457.

163
ADAP
, E, I, Nos. 251, 270; KTB Skl A 30, 17 and 22 Feb. 1942, BA/MA, RM 7/33, f. 443, 51 I; Skl Chefs., 21 Mar. 1942, RM 7/253, f. 226–29; Oshima’s reports 377 and
378, 17 Mar. 1942, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 20696–98; Salewski,
Deutsche Seekriegslaitung,
2: 72ff.

164
Oshima No. 1508 of 23 Dec. 1941, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 18113.