When Everything Changed (64 page)

126
    “Diane was a devoted”: Ibid., 160.

126
    “If the Negro woman”: Franklin,
Ensuring Inequality,
167.

127
    Ella Baker was particularly: Ransby,
Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement,
311.

127
    In Mississippi, one male: Payne,
I’ve Got the Light of Freedom,
271.

127
    Anna Arnold Hedgeman—the only woman: Hedgeman,
The Trumpet Sounds,
178–180.

128
    “Nowadays, women wouldn’t”: Parks,
Rosa Parks,
166.

128
    No woman was invited: Pauli Murray, as quoted in Dorothy Height’s “We Wanted the Voice of a Woman to Be Heard,” in
Sisters in the Struggle,
90.

128
    “Nothing that women said”: Height, “We Wanted the Voice of a Woman to Be Heard,” 86–87.

128
    Hedgeman proposed that at least: Hedgeman,
The Trumpet Sounds,
179.

129
    “That’s them!” This segment is based on information in Unita Blackwell’s autobiography,
Barefootin’.

130
    “Violence is a fearful”: Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters,
204.

130
    But Charles Payne, a Duke: Payne,
I’ve Got the Light of Freedom,
265–83.

131
    Laura McGhee, a widow: Ibid., 208–18.

131
    Fannie Lou Hamer, who was: Unless otherwise noted, this section is based on
This Little Light of Mine,
by Kay Mills.

133
    “At first Mrs. Hamer”: Blackwell,
Barefootin’,
113.

133
    “The spotlight was on”: Ibid., 116.

134
    “I don’t think that anybody”: Raines,
My Soul Is Rested,
107.

134
    Marian Wright Edelman said: Edelman,
Lanterns,
79.

134
    Back in Atlanta, Ruby: Fleming,
Soon We Will Not Cry,
114.

135
    Unita Blackwell was disturbed: Blackwell,
Barefootin’,
80–81.

135
    At Spelman, Gwen: Fleming,
Soon We Will Not Cry,
174–75.

136
    “The best of all”: Ibid., 119.

136
    “The first thing you have”: Lewis,
Walking with the Wind,
83–84.

137
    “She absolutely did not”: Fleming,
Soon We Will Not Cry,
95.

137
    What seemed clear was: Ibid., 104.

137
    Two weeks later, Ruby: Ibid., 106–7.

137
    “Well, I’ve found out”: Carson,
Silent Voices,
253. (Carson, who changed the names of the women she interviewed, called Ruby Doris “Sarah.”)

138
    “He’s crazy but he’s”: Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters,
211.

138
    “Since my child”: Zinn,
SNCC,
106.

138
    Bevel’s compulsive infidelity: Halberstam,
The Children,
682.

139
    By September, there had been eighty: Lewis,
Walking with the Wind,
274.

139
    But the enormous influx: The demographics come from Doug McAdam’s
Freedom Summer.

139
    When Penny Patch, a longtime: Penny Patch, “Sweet Tea at Shoney’s,” 155.

140
    “Our skills and abilities”: Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters,
310.

140
    Things weren’t helped: Fleming,
Soon We Will Not Cry,
137.

140
    Dr. Alvin Poussaint, who studied: Ibid., 128.

140
    Chuck McDew, a black: Ibid., 132–33.

141
    How could the veteran: McAdam,
Freedom Summer,
103.

141
    The white volunteers themselves: Ibid., 150.

141
    Although most of the women: Ibid., 110.

141
    One of the few young white: Jo Freeman, “On the Origins of the Women’s Liberation Movement,” in
The Feminist Memoir Project,
174.

141
    Many of the new arrivals: Curry,
Deep in Our Hearts,
269.

142
    Susan Brownmiller, a white: Brownmiller,
In Our Time,
12.

142
    “It had the appearances of a necking party”: Unless otherwise noted, this section is based on
From Selma to Sorrow
by Mary Stanton.

143
    Leroy Moton, a black volunteer: Branch,
At Canaan’s Edge,
174.

144
    Unita Blackwell was also: Blackwell,
Barefootin’,
96.

144
    FBI chief J. Edgar: Branch,
At Canaan’s Edge,
177.

146
    A poll by
Ladies’ Home Journal:
Lyn Tornabene, “Murder in Alabama,”
Ladies’ Home Journal,
July 1965.

146
    Sandra “Casey” Hayden, a longtime: Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters,
334.

147
    In an interview in 1995: Ransby,
Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement,
310.

147
    “I am not fighting”: Mills,
This Little Light of Mine,
248.

148
    Shortly before her death: Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters,
369–70.

7. THE DECLINE OF THE DOUBLE STANDARD

Interviews: Pam Andrews, Barbara Arnold, Josie Bass, Nora Ephron, Alison Foster, Kathy Hinderhofer, Tawana Hinton, Maria K., June LaValleur, Grace (Linda) LeClair, Ellen Miller, Marie Monsky, Georgia Panter Nielsen, Cynthia Pearson, Judy Riff, Carol Rumsey, Laura Sessions Stepp, Louise Meyer Warpness, Wendy Woythaler.

149
    In 1968 the
New York Times:
Judy Klemesrud, “An Arrangement: Living Together for Convenience, Security, Sex,”
New York Times,
March 4, 1968.

151
    The
Times,
which had been: Deirdre Carmody, “Barnard President Delays Action on Defiant Girl,”
New York Times,
May 9, 1968; Kathleen Teltsch, “Grades Are Key in LeClair Case,”
New York Times,
May 17, 1968.

151
    On her arrival, LeClair: Deirdre Carmody, “Coed Disciplined by College Becomes a Dropout at Barnard,”
New York Times,
September 4, 1968.

153
    “Now don’t turn”: “J,”
The Sensuous Woman,
116.

153
    “A man will go”: “Shaping the ’60s… Foreshadowing the ’70s,” 30.

154
    In 1961
Ladies’ Home Journal:
Betsy Marvin McKinney, “Is the Double Standard Out of Date?”
Ladies’ Home Journal,
May 1961, 10, 12.

155
    “far from being a creature”: Brown,
Sex and the Single Girl,
3.

155
    “Her world is a far more colorful”: Ibid., 4.

155
    “You do need a man”: Ibid., 2.

156
    “brainy, charming, and sexy”: Ibid., 1.

156
    “And when he finally walked”: Ibid.

157
    American Medical Association accused him: Allyn,
Make Love, Not War,
17.

157
    a minister visiting: Treckel,
To Comfort the Heart,
109.

158
    In 1972 a survey: Chafe,
Women and Equality,
122.

158
    “I probably wouldn’t have”: Klemesrud, “An Arrangement.”

159
    “It is a ridiculous”: “Connecticut Retains Ban on Contraceptives,”
New York Times,
May 29, 1953.

160
    “Her martinis were always”: Roraback, “Women and the Connecticut Bar.”

161
    “If they do that”: Asbell,
The Pill,
239.

161
    Griswold and Buxton were given: “Dr. C. L. Buxton, Who Won Fight on Birth Control Ban, Is Dead,”
New York Times,
July 8, 1969.

162
    But only 4 percent: Watkins,
On the Pill,
41.

165
    “Remember, all of us”: Ibid., 109.

165
    a Gallup survey found that: Ibid., 115.

165
    Gradually, the amount of estrogen: Asbell,
The Pill,
309.

165
    Surgeons removed reproductive organs: Barker-Benfield,
The Horrors of the Half-Known Life,
120–32.

166
    Susan Ford, whose mother: Greene,
Betty Ford,
50.

166
    When 23-year-old: Barbara Winslow, “Primary and Secondary Contradictions in Seattle,” in
The Feminist Memoir Project,
166.

166
    Nora Ephron wrote that: Ephron,
Crazy Salad,
56.

167
    By 1975 nearly two thousand: Mann, “Women’s Health Research Blossoms.”

167
    The experts did not: Ehrenreich,
Re-Making Love,
51.

167
    In a 1957 article: Cancian and Gordon, “Changing Emotion Norms in Marriage,” 321.

168
    Even Helen Gurley Brown, so eager: Brown,
Sex and the Single Girl,
64.

168
    And less than half of married: George Gallup and Evan Hill, “The American Woman,”
Saturday Evening Post,
December 22, 1962, 17.

168
    Jane Alpert, a high school: Alpert,
Growing Up Underground,
42.

168
    It was no wonder: Ehrenreich,
The Hearts of Men,
45.

169
    In 1970 “Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm”: Baxandall and Gordon,
Dear Sisters,
158.

169
    Nora Ephron, reporting on: Ephron,
Crazy Salad,
55.

171
    There was, recalled Anselma: Anselma Dell’Olio, “Home Before Sundown,” in
The Feminist Memoir Project,
166.

171
    A letter writer to the
Times:
“TV Mailbag—Dear Jane: Shave,”
New York Times,
April 29, 1973.

172
    “The whole idea of homosexuality”: Friedan,
Life So Far,
221.

173
    When Martha Peterson, the Barnard: Dennis Hevesi, “Martha Peterson, 90, Barnard President in Vietnam Era, Dies,”
New York Times,
July 20, 2006.

173
    When
Ms.
began: Farrell,
Yours in Sisterhood,
34.

173
   
Time,
which had put: “Women’s Lib: A Second Look,”
Time,
December 14, 1970.

174
    By 1970 the editors: Gene Damon, “The Least of These: The Minority Whose Screams Haven’t Yet Been Heard,” in
Sisterhood Is Powerful,
298.

174
    “Run, reader, run right”: Ibid., 297–98.

176
    “Every Sunday when my”: Rimmer,
The Harrad Experiment,
303.

176
    “Certainly it was”: Priscilla Long, “We Called Ourselves Sisters,” in
The Feminist Memoir Project.

176
    “I considered their”: Alpert,
Growing Up Underground,
34–35.

177
    At the time, one: Allyn,
Make Love, Not War,
103.

177
    “The invention of the Pill”: Morgan,
Sisterhood Is Powerful,
xxxi.

177
    Gloria Steinem wrote: Allyn,
Make Love, Not War,
104.

8. WOMEN’S LIBERATION

Interviews: Nora Ephron, Muriel Fox, Jo Freeman, Maria K., Robin Morgan, Georgia Panter Nielsen, Sylvia Peterson, Vicki Cohn Pollard, Margaret Siegel, Gloria Steinem, Laura Sessions Stepp, Amy Swerdlow, Wendy Woythaler.

179
    who promised to refer it: Marjorie Hunter, “5,000 Women Rally in Capital Against War,”
New York Times,
January 16, 1968.

179
    Grumbling about lawmakers: Ibid.

179
    Beating on drums: Firestone, “The Jeannette Rankin Brigade.”

180
    It was, Swerdlow thought: Swerdlow,
Women Strike for Peace,
139.