When Everything Changed (62 page)

16
    The average salary of a female teacher: Bess Furman, “Teacher Pay Half of Seventeen Professions,”
New York Times,
May 29, 1960.

16
    when the government was reporting: “Mitchell Reports Jobs Plentiful for the 1960 College Graduate,”
New York Times,
January 13, 1961.

16
    “It is a tradition in the Guggenheimer”: Rhoda Aderer, “A Tradition Is Continued by Mrs. Guggenheimer,”
New York Times,
January 6, 1960, 94.

17
    Esther Peterson, the top-ranking: Peterson,
Restless,
99.

17
    The sociologist David Riesman: David Riesman, “Two Generations,” in
The Woman in America,
91–92.

18
    “Tug, there’s a whole world”: Kerr,
Julie with Wings,
17–18.

18
    The Grace Downs Air Career School:
Mademoiselle,
January 1960, 107.

20
    If a stewardess was still on: Lindsy Van Gelder, “Coffee, Tea, or Me,”
Ms.,
January 1973, 89.

20
    “Hell yes, we have”: Walsh,
Doctors Wanted,
243–44.

20
    Although more than half a million: Harrison,
On Account of Sex,
145, and Peterson,
Restless,
109.

21
    A would-be journalist: Kunin,
Living a Political Life,
162.

22
    When Ruth Bader Ginsburg: Kerber,
No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies,
202.

22
    A report on women in management: Epstein,
Woman’s Place,
6.

22
    A federally funded study: David Beardslee and Donald O’Dowd, “Students and the Occupational World,” in
The American College.

23
    Marjorie Wintjen, a 25-year-old: Marylin Bender, “Women Equality Groups Fighting Credit Barriers,”
New York Times,
March 25, 1973.

23
    The
New York Times
was still reporting: Georgia Dullea, “Women Demanding Equal Treatment in Mortgage Loans,”
New York Times,
October 29, 1972.

23
    Looking back on her life: O’Reilly,
The Girl I Left Behind,
36.

24
    Heinemann’s Restaurant: Anderson,
The Movement and the Sixties,
316.

24
    Early in the 1960s: Friedan,
Life So Far,
113.

2. THE WAY WE LIVED

Interviews: Lillian Andrews, Pam Andrews, Barbara Arnold, Verna Bode, Beverly Burton, Valerie Chisholm, Nora Ephron, Yana Shani Fleming, Alison Foster, Muriel Fox, Shirley Hammond, Tawana Hinton, Maria K., June LaValleur, Gayle Lawhorn, Lorna Jo Meyer, Susan Meyer, Georgia Panter Nielsen, Sylvia Peterson, Judy Riff, Carol Rumsey, Margaret Siegel, Laura Sessions Stepp, Gloria Vaz, Anne Tolstoi Wallach, Louise Meyer Warpness, Mary Helen Washington, Virginia Williams.

26
    In a survey for the
Saturday Evening Post:
George Gallup and Evan Hill, “The American Woman,”
Saturday Evening Post,
December 22, 1962, 32.

28
    Susan B. Anthony had to be rescued: Fischer,
Pantaloons and Power,
101–2.

28
    But even during World War II: Keil,
Those Wonderful Women in Their Flying Machines,
259.

29
    Wilma Rudolph, the Olympic track star: Rudolph,
Wilma,
123.

31
    One book on dressing: Steele,
The Corset,
161.

31
   
Mademoiselle
advised that when it came: “Questions of Form,”
Mademoiselle,
June 1960, 92.

31
    When her 12-year-old: Bradford,
America’s Queen,
30.

33
    In the fall of 1960: Friedan,
The Feminine Mystique,
16.

34
    As the essayist Jane O’Reilly: O’Reilly,
The Girl I Left Behind,
40.

34
    Only 26 percent: Coontz,
Marriage,
237.

34
    A woman who had reached: Bird,
Born Female,
50.

34
    Writing in the late 1970s: O’Reilly,
The Girl I Left Behind,
40.

35
   
Harper’s
bemoaned the fact: Cole, “American Youth Goes Monogamous,” 32.

36
    In one much-quoted: Gallup and Hill, “The American Woman,” 16–32.

36
    “Almost all young women”: “Shaping the ’60’s… Foreshadowing the ’70s,” 30.

36
    Joan Bernstein graduated: Couric,
Women Lawyers,
37–38.

37
    In Chicago, which had very: Coontz,
Marriage,
252.

38
    The idea that someone had to be: Monrad Paulsen, “For a Reform of the Divorce Laws,”
New York Times Magazine,
May 13, 1962, 22.

38
   
Harper’s
claimed, “A girl”: Cole, “American Youth Goes Monogamous,” 32.

38
    A science teacher told: Marya Mannes, “Female Intelligence: Who Wants It?”
New York Times Magazine,
January 3, 1960, 44.

38
   
Newsweek
reported in 1960: Edwin Diamond, “Young Wives,”
Newsweek,
March 7, 1960, 60.

39
    At a soon-to-become-famous: Friedan,
The Feminine Mystique,
153.

39
    “Success and a Well-Dressed Wife”: “Success and a Well-Dressed Wife Go Together for Young Executives”:
New York Times,
April 2, 1960, 27.

40
    She indignantly compared: Nan Robertson, “Mrs. Kennedy Defends Clothes,”
New York Times,
September 15, 1960, 1.

40
    “The food is marvelous”: Bradford,
America’s Queen,
189.

42
    During the Cuban: Ibid., 240.

3. HOUSEWORK

Interviews: Lillian Andrews, Myrna Ten Bensel, Mary Bell Darcus, Josephine Elsberg, Edna Kleimeyer, Joyce Ladner, Jo Meyer Maasberg, Wilma Mankiller, Virginia McWilliams, Angela Nolfi, Joanne Rife, Louise Meyer Warpness, Marylyn Weller, Betty Riley Williams.

45
    “We now expect quite an immigration”: Collins,
America’s Women,
235.

47
    Sixty percent of families: Chafe,
The Unfinished Journey,
111–12.

47
    A quarter of all families: Rosen,
The World Split Open,
9.

47
    In the famous Levittown: Jackson,
Crabgrass Frontier,
235.

48
   
Ebony
celebrated with an article: “Good-bye Mammy, Hello Mom,”
Ebony,
March 1947, 36.

50
    A doctoral student: Shapiro,
Something from the Oven,
73–74.

51
    A methodical study: Joann Vanek, “Time Spent in Housework,”
Scientific American,
November 1974, 116–120.

52
    In the 1950s the average: “New Washer Will Handle Bigger Load,”
New York Times,
November 2, 1960.

53
    One
New York Times
columnist: Dorothy Barclay, “Family Palship—With an Escape Clause,”
New York Times Magazine,
November 18, 1956, 48.

53
    “I know that small children”: Kerr,
The Snake Has All the Lines,
61.

54
    “Approximately half of
Playboy
’s”: Ehrenreich,
The Hearts of Men,
43.

54
    “You can hardly pick up”: Margaret Taylor Klose, “A Pox on Your Husband’s Ego,”
McCall’s,
April 1960.

54
    “The life of many”: Giddings,
When and Where I Enter,
253.

55
    A typical woman married: Nye and Hoffman,
The Employed Mother in America,
5.

55
    “Whether one finds it”: “The American Female,”
Harper’s,
October 1962, 115.

55
    George Gallup, conjuring up: George Gallup and Evan Hill, “The American Woman,”
Saturday Evening Post,
December 22, 1962, 17.

55
    Even
Newsweek,
in its: Edwin Diamond, “Young Wives,”
Newsweek,
March 7, 1960, 57–60.

56
    In 1960
Redbook:
Friedan,
The Feminine Mystique,
66.

56
    “She is dissatisfied”: Diamond, “Young Wives,” 57.

57
    The (male) president: Harvey,
The Fifties,
46–47.

58
    “of inappropriate and unnecessary”: Friedan,
It Changed My Life,
18.

58
    One young mother of four: Friedan,
The Feminine Mystique,
21.

59
    “You’d be surprised”: Ibid., 235.

59
    “The feminine mystique has succeeded”: Ibid., 336–37.

4. THE ICE CRACKS

Interviews: Constance Cumbey, Mary Eastwood, Muriel Fox, Sylvia Roberts, Lorena Weeks.

63
    “Women now hold”: “Women Likely to Outvote Men,”
New York Times,
January 5, 1960.

64
    At the end of the decade: Bird,
Born Female,
162.

64
    “The meal begins”: Nan Robertson, “GOP Women Facing a Calorie-Packed Week,”
New York Times,
July 23, 1960.

64
    Meanwhile, nearly two-thirds: George Gallup and Evan Hill, “The American Woman,”
Saturday Evening Post,
December 22, 1962, 32.

64
    Edna Simpson of Illinois: Chamberlin,
A Minority of Members,
279.

65
    In her unpublished autobiography: Martha Griffiths,
My Letter to Tomorrow,
unpublished manuscript. Thanks to Griffiths’s friend Constance Cumbey for sharing this.

65
    But in 1946 it was Martha: Lamson,
Few Are Chosen,
89–90.

66
    Griffiths and her husband: Interview, Constance Cumbey.

66
    Nevertheless, she felt obliged: Chamberlin,
A Minority of Members,
263.

67
    In her memoirs, the publisher: Graham,
Personal History,
291.

67
    Margaret Price, an official: Harrison,
On Account of Sex,
74.

67
    After the election, 2.4: Ibid., 78.

67
    “There is no Alice”: Lunardini,
From Equal Suffrage to Equal Rights,
9.

68
    Esther Peterson called them: Peterson,
Restless,
105.

68
    As a good Mormon: Ibid., 13.

69
    “Even the youngest”: Ibid., 33.

69
    “Give her to Kennedy”: Ibid., 64.

70
    “It is not the policy”: Hole and Levine,
Rebirth of Feminism,
52.

70
    She resented the “elite”: Peterson,
Restless,
103.

70
    During the 1960 presidential campaign: Ibid., 118.

71
    “When I wanted help”: Ware,
Beyond Suffrage,
10.

71
    Kennedy’s relationship with the great: Paterson,
Be Somebody,
124.

72
    Hyman Bookbinder, who served: Harrison,
On Account of Sex,
139.

72
    But they were about to enter into what Pauli: Rosen,
The World Split Open,
69.

72
    Marguerite Rawalt, a government tax: Unless otherwise noted, this section is based on Judith Paterson’s biography of Marguerite Rawalt,
Be Somebody.

74
    One of Rawalt’s chief allies: Unless otherwise noted, this section is based on Pauli Murray’s book
Pauli Murray: The Autobiography of a Black Activist, Feminist, Lawyer, Priest, and Poet.

75
    “Well, maybe I would”: Brauer, “Women Activists,” 44.

75
    Smith, 80, was: Dan Oberdorfter, “Judge Smith Moves with Deliberate Drag,”
New York Times Magazine,
November 12, 1964.

76
    “Congressman Smith would”: Ibid.