The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine (65 page)

28
.
Christiaan Barnard, ‘The Operation',
South African Medical Journal
, 1967, Vol. 41, pp. 1271–4.

John Charnley,
Low-Friction Arthroplasty of the Hip: Theory and Practice
(Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1979).

——, ‘The Development of the Centre for Hip Surgery at Wrightington Hospital' in W. R. Swinburne (ed.),
Wrightington Hospital 1933–83: The Story of the First Fifty Years
(Wrightington Hospital, 1983).

David Le Vay,
The History of Orthopaedics
(Carnforth: Parthenon, 1990).

William Waugh,
John Charnley: The Man and the Hip
(Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990).

1
.
M. H. Williams
et al.
, ‘Prevalence of Total Hip Replacement: How Demand Has Been Met',
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
, 1994, Vol. 48, pp. 188–91. See also K. J. H. Newman, ‘Total Hip and Knee Replacements: A Survey of 261 Hospitals in England',
JRSM
, 1993, Vol. 86, pp. 527–9.

2
.
F. G. Strange,
The Hip
(Heinemann, 1965).

3
.
W. Alexander Law,
Osteoarthritis of the Hip
(Butterworth,1952).

4
.
M. N. Smith-Petersen, ‘Evolution of the Mould Arthroplasty of the Hip Joint',
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
, 1948, 30-B, p. 59. See also P. Wiles, ‘The Surgery of the Osteoarthritic Hip',
British Journal of Surgery
, 1958, Vol. 45, pp. 488–9; J. Judet and R. Judet,
Resection: Reconstruction of the Hip
(E & S Livingstone, 1954); J. T. Scales and J. M. Zarek, ‘Biomechanical Problems of the Original Judet Prosthesis',
BMJ
, 1954, Vol. 1, p. 1007; K. McKee, ‘Artificial Hip Joint',
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
, 1951, 33-B, p. 465.

5
.
‘British Orthopaedic Association Annual Meeting Report',
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
, 1954, 36-B, pp. 508–9.

6
.
William Waugh,
John Charnley
, p. 122.

7
.
John Charnley, ‘Arthroplasty of the Hip: A New Operation',
The Lancet
, 1961, Vol. 1, pp. 1129–32. See also K. Hardinge, ‘The Development of the Charnley Low-Friction Arthroplasty',
Current Trends in Orthopaedic Surgery
(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), pp. 242–5.

8
.
Ibid.

9
.
John Charnley, ‘The Lubrication of Animal Joints in Relation to Surgical Reconstruction by Arthroplasty',
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
, 1960, Vol. 19, pp. 10–19.

10
.
Nas S. Eftekhar, ‘The Life and Work of John Charnley',
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
, 1986, Vol. 211, pp. 10–21.

11
.
John Charnley,
Acrylic Cement in Orthopaedic Surgery
(E & S Livingstone, 1970).

12
.
John Charnley,
Low-Friction Arthroplasty of the Hip
.

13
.
William Waugh,
John Charnley
, p. 122.

14
.
Ibid.

15
.
John Charnley, ‘Tissue Reaction to Polytetrafluorethylene',
The Lancet
, 1963, Vol. 2, p. 1379.

16
.
John Charnley, ‘The Long-term Results of Low-friction Arthroplasty of the Hip Performed as a Primary Intervention',
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
, 1972, Vol. 54, pp. 61–76.

17
.
B. M. Wroblewski, ‘15–21-year Results of the Charnley Low-friction Arthroplasty',
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
, 1986, Vol. 211, pp. 30–5.

18
.
Christopher Bulstrode, ‘Keeping Up With Orthopaedic Epidemics',
BMJ
, 1987, Vol. 295, p. 514.

Leslie Brent, ‘Transplantation: Some British Pioneers',
Journal of the Royal College of Physicians
, 1997, Vol. 31, pp. 434–41.

Sir Roy Calne,
The Ultimate Gift
(Headline, 1998).

Francis D. Moore,
A Miracle and a Privilege: Recounting a Half-Century of Surgical Advance
(Washington, DC: Joseph Henry, 1995).

Joseph E. Murray, ‘Human Organ Transplantation: Background and Consequences',
Science
, 1992, Vol. 256, pp. 1411–16.

Tony Stark,
Knife to the Heart: The Story of Transplant Surgery
(Macmillan, 1996).

Thomas Starzl, ‘Personal Reflections in Transplantation',
Surgical Clinics of North America
, 1978, Vol. 58, pp. 879–93.

——,
The Puzzle People: Memoirs of a Transplant Surgeon
(Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992).

1
.
Peter Medawar,
Memoir of a Thinking Radish
(Oxford: OUP, 1986).

2
.
T. Gibson and P. Medawar, ‘The Fate of Skin Homografts in Man',
Journal of Anatomy
, 1942/3, Vol. 77, p. 299.

3
.
R. E. Billingham, L. Brent and P. Medawar, ‘“Actively Acquired Tolerance” of Foreign Cells',
Nature
, 1953, Vol. 172, p. 603. See also P. Medawar, ‘A Biological Analysis of Individuality' (reprinted from the
Times Science Review
),
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
, 1996, No. 326, pp. 5–10; P. Medawar, ‘Immunological Tolerance',
Nobel Lectures: Physiology or Medicine, 1942–62
(New York: Elsevier, 1964).

4
.
R. Y. Calne, ‘Organ Transplantation: From Laboratory to Clinic',
BMJ
, 1985, Vol. 291, pp. 1751–4.

5
.
W. J. Kolff and H. J. Berk, ‘The Artificial Kidney: Dialysis with a Great Area',
Acta Medica Scandanavica
, 1944, Vol. CXVII, pp. 121–34. See also W. J. Kolff, ‘First Clinical Experience With the Artificial Kidney',
Annals of Internal Medicine
, 1965, Vol. 62, pp. 608–19; Patrick McBride, ‘The Development of Haemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis', in
Clinical Dialysis
, ed. Allen R. Nissenson (New York: Prentice Hall, 1990).

6
.
Tony Stark,
Knife to the Heart
.

7
.
Alexis Carrel, letter to Theodore Cocher, 9 May 1914, quoted in Theodore Malinin,
Surgery and Life
:
The Extraordinary Career of Alexis Carrel
(New York: Harcourt, 1979). See also Note 6.

8
.
Joseph E. Murray, ‘Reflections on the First Successful Kidney Transplantation',
World Journal of Surgery
, 1982, Vol. 6, pp. 372–6.

9
.
Frank Parsons, ‘Origins of Haemodialysis in Great Britain',
BMJ
, 1989, Vol. 299, pp. 1557–60.

10
.
J. P. Merrill, J. E. Murray
et al.
, ‘Successful Homotransplantation of the Human Kidney Between Identical Twins',
JAMA
, 1956, Vol. 160, p. 277.

11
.
See Note 8.

12
.
Human Kidney Transplant Conference,
Transplantation Proceedings
, 1964, Vol. 2, pp. 147–65, 581–600.

13
.
Willard E. Goodwin
et al.
, ‘Human Renal Transplantation',
Journal of Urology
, 1963, Vol. 68, pp. 13–24.

14
.
J. H. Burchenal
et al.
, ‘Clinical Evaluation of 6 mercaptopurine in the Treatment of Leukaemia and Other Diseases',
Blood
, 1953, Vol. 8, pp. 966–99. See also Gertrude B. Elion, ‘The Purine Path of Chemotherapy',
Science
, 7 April 1989, pp. 41–47; George Hitchings, ‘Chemotherapy and Comparative Biochemistry',
Cancer Research
, 1969, Vol. 29, pp. 1895–903.

15
.
Robert Schwartz and William Dameshek, ‘Drug-induced Immunological Tolerance',
Nature
, 1959, Vol. 183, pp. 1682–3. See also Robert Schwartz, ‘Design and Achievement in Chemotherapy',
A Symposium in Honour of George Hitchings
(Burroughs-Wellcome, 1976).

16
.
See Note 6.

17
.
John Hopewell, ‘Witness Seminar on the History of Early Renal Transplantation', Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine,13 September 1994.

18
.
R. Calne, ‘The Rejection of Renal Homografts Inhibition in Dogs by 6 mercaptopurine',
The Lancet
, 1960, pp. 417–18.

19
.
John Hopewell
et al.
, ‘Three Clinical Cases of Renal Transplantation',
BMJ
, 5 November 1964, pp. 411–13.

20
.
See Note 12.

21
.
Joseph E. Murray
et al.
, ‘The Long Survival of Human/Kidney Homografts by Immunosuppressive Drug Therapy',
NEJM
, 1963, Vol. 268, pp. 1315–23.

22
.
Thomas E. Starzl,
The Puzzle People
.

23
.
See Note 6.

24
.
Thomas E. Starzl, ‘Reversal of Rejection in Human Renal Homografts with Subsequent Development of Homograft Tolerance',
Surgery, Gynaecology and Obstetrics
, 1963, Vol. 117, pp. 385–95. (The theoretical potential of steroids as immunosuppressant drugs was first identified by Medawar in 1951. See R. E. Billingham
et al.
, ‘Effect of Locally Applied Cortisone Acetate on Survival of Skin Homografts in Rabbits',
BMJ
, 3 November 1951, pp. 1049–53.)

25
.
Thomas E. Starzl
et al.
, ‘Long-term (25-year) Survival After Renal Homo-transplantation: The World Experience',
Transplantation Proceedings
, 1990, Vol. 22, pp. 2361–5.

26
.
J. F. Borel, ‘Effect of the New Anti-lymphocytic Peptide Cyclosporine A in Animals',
Immunology
, 1977, Vol. 32, pp. 1017–25.

William S. Fields and Noreen Lemak,
A History of Stroke: Its Recognition and Treatment
(Oxford: OUP, 1989).

Nicholas Postel-Vinay (ed.),
A Century of Arterial Hypertension,1896–1996
(Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1996).

1
.
VA Co-operative Study Group, ‘Effects of Treatment on Morbidity in Hypertension',
JAMA
, 1967, Vol. 202, pp. 1028–33.

2
.
Franz Messerli, ‘This Day Fifty Years Ago',
NEJM
, 1995, Vol. 332, pp. 1038–9.

3
.
J. Hart, ‘While America Slept',
National Review
, 15 September 1989, p. 32.

4
.
W. Kempner, ‘Treatment of Hypertensive Vascular Disease with Rice Diet',
AJM
, 1948, Vol. 4, pp. 545–77.

5
.
G. W. Pickering,
High Blood Pressure
(Churchill-Livingstone, 1968).

6
.
Herbert Chasis, ‘Salt and Protein Restriction: Effects on Blood Pressure',
JAMA
, 1950, Vol. 142, p. 711.

7
.
R. H. Smithwick, ‘Splanchnicectomy for Essential Hypertension: Results in 1,266 cases',
JAMA
, 1953, Vol. 152, pp. 1501–4.

8
.
William B. Schwartz, ‘The Effect of Sulfanilamide on Salt and Water Excretion in Congestive Heart Failure',
NEJM
, 1949, Vol. 240, p. 173.

9
.
Karl H. Beyer, ‘Discovery of the Thiazides: Where Biology and Chemistry Meet',
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
, Spring 1977, pp. 410–20.

10
.
Edward D. Freis
et al.
, ‘Treatment of Essential Hypertension with Chlorothiazide',
JAMA
, 1958, Vol. 166, pp. 137–41.

11
.
Raymond P. Ahlquist, ‘A Study of the Adrenotropic Receptors',
American Journal of Physiology
, 1948, Vol. 153, pp. 586–98.

12
.
J. W. Black and J. S. Stephenson, ‘Pharmacology of a New Adrenergic Beta-receptor Blocking Compound',
The Lancet
, 1962, Vol. 2, pp. 311–15.

13
.
B. N. C. Pritchard and P. M. S. Gillam, ‘Treatment of Hypertension with Propranolol',
BMJ
, 4 January 1969, pp. 7–15. See also B. N. C. Pritchard, ‘Beta Adrenergic Receptor Blockage
in Hypertension: Past, Present and Future',
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
, 1978, Vol. 5, pp. 379–99.

14
.
Nicholas Postel-Vinay (ed.),
A Century of Arterial Hypertension
.

15
.
J. D. Swales,
Platt Versus Pickering: An Episode of Recent Medical History
(Keynes Press, 1985).

16
.
Jeremiah Stamler
et al.
, ‘Hypertension Screening of One Million Americans',
JAMA
, 1976, Vol. 235, p. 229.

17
.
R. Brian Haynes
et al.
, ‘Increased Absenteeism from Work after Detection and Labelling of Hypertensive Patients',
NEJM
, 1978, Vol. 229, pp. 741–5.

18
.
MRC, ‘Adverse Reactions to Bendrofluazide and Propranolol for the Treatment of Mild Hypertension',
The Lancet
, 1981, Vol. 2, pp. 539–43.