The Myth of Nazareth: The Invented Town of Jesus (80 page)

^[226]
  Residents of the modern town claim the existence of tombs which have never been excavated. In his 1992 edition, Finegan counted 18 kokh tombs in the Nazareth basin (p. 46). The tombs are itemized in Chapter 5.

^[227]
  Tombs 70, 71, and 72.

^[228]
  Kopp 1938:194.

^[229]
  For diagrams of oil lamps from Marisa see Goodenough, vol. II, fig. 254 (discussion p. 143).

^[230]
  Kopp 1838:194.

^[231]
  Specific parallels at Silet edh-Dhahr to two Richmond lamps date IV–VI CE (Sellers & Baramki: 8, 29, 44). They will be reconsidered when we take up the Roman period.

^[232]
 
Exc
. 319. For discussion see Chapter 2, pp. 84–85.

^[233]
 
The six lamps will be itemized and individually dated in Chapter Four.

^[234]
  In a 1970 article Bagatti offers additional Hellenistic claims (see below, pages 28–31).

^[235]
  A scale accompanies
Exc
. Fig. 235, located in the lower left quadrant. Presumably, all 43 artefacts in Bagatti’s figure are drawn to the same scale, though we cannot be sure. Some of the representations are of poor quality.

^[236]
 
Exc
. 301 (No. 26), 44, 48; Pl. XI.

^[237]
 
Exc
. 44, 46. Artefacts from Silo 24 include figs. 225:6, 8; 227:19–20; 230:2.

^[238]
 
Cf
. Goodenough 1953, vol. II, figs. 254–255; J. Hayes 165–6; Sussman 7. Galling 14
f.
delineates five types of Hellenistic lamp, all with the long nozzle.

^[239]
 
E.g
., Rosenthal & Sivan Nos. 325–327.

^[240]
 
Exc
. Fig. 233, No. 26. The photo shows that the diagram at
Exc
. fig. 235:2. has been poorly drawn. The wick hole of the artefact is larger and round (not oval), and extends almost the entire width of the nozzle.
Illus. 3.4.1
is the rendering in
Excavations in Nazareth
.

^[241]
 
Exc
. 310, note 43.

^[242]
 
Gli Scavi del Dominus Flevit
, Fig. 25: 2. The book is essentially by B. Bagatti. J. Milik contributed the chapter on inscriptions.

^[243]
 
Paul Lapp also redates much of Bagatti’s
Dominus Flevit
material to Roman rather than Hellenistic times. See P. Lapp:112.

^[244]
  P. Lapp’s Type 81, which he dates 75–4 BCE (P. Lapp 1961:192). Bagatti’s example has the red slip and fine walls of such lamps (
cf
. Smith 1964:122).

^[245]
 
Cf
. Goodenough vol I:145; vol. II, pl. 257; Strange 1975, Fig. 16:5.

^[246]
 
Bow-spouted lamps are discussed in Pt. 4.

^[247]
  N. Lapp 1964: Plate I, Nos. 29–31.

^[248]
  Fernandez: 63 (note 1 and discussion).

^[249]
  Bailey 1972:Pl. 6c; Smith 1966:4 and 1961:60–61. A precursor of type L1 may be the Hellenistic “Ephesus” lamp (Szentleleky 51).

^[250]
 
Exc
. fig. 192:15, and discussion pp. 239–40.

^[251]
 
The Feig tomb is located at map. ref. 1808/2335. The archaeologist’s report (in Hebrew) was published in
‘Atiqot
10 (1990) pp. 67–79. The four lamps of type L1 (all from tomb M) are her figs. 9:10–11 & 11:2.

^[252]
  Feig 73 and note 12 (Hebrew). Fernandez (p. 32) itemizes examples also from Karm er-Ras (near Cana), and Capernaum. Sussman notes the type at Abu Shusha and with the Galilee boat discovered at Ginnosar (see below).

^[253]
  Fernandez L1:1 & 4; Feig fig. 9:10–11; fig. 11:2 (photo).

^[254]
  Feig 74.

^[255]
  It is difficult to know exactly how far the Nazareth settlement area extended. I have chosen the 400 meter contour line as the boundary, in that it stretches from peak to peak and defines the Nazareth basin (see Chapter. 1,
Illus. 1.3
). All tombs and artefacts within that contour line have been included in the primary data for this study. Tombs and artefacts beyond that line, or more than two kilometers from the CA, were probably in the spheres of neighboring settlements such as Japhia, Afula, Reina, or Sepphoris. Feig supposes that the tombs she excavated belonged within the sphere of Nazareth (her note 27). I find this unlikely, as those tombs are more than one kilometer beyond the crest of the hill. In any case, including the Feig tombs in the primary Nazareth data would not alter the conclusions of this study.

^[256]
  Feig 74; Fig. 9:10. In footnote 7, the archaeologist notes Hellenistic precursors that lack the distinctive raised rim around the filling hole.
Cf
. O. Broneer,
Ishthmia III
, Princeton, 1977, p. 18. Pl. 17:133–135; D.M. Robinson,
Excavations at Olynthus II
, Baltimore, 1930, p. 143, nos. 89–90, fig. 307; P. Baur,
The Excavations at Dura-Europos
, vol. 4, Pt. III, p.5.

^[257]
 
Feig 79. Feig’s 1990 conclusion, as cited, is more conservative than her first published dating, communicated in the
Israel Exploration Journal
of 1983:116–17: “The finds in the
kokhim
and on the floor-level of the caves are dated to the second-third centuries C.E.”

^[258]
 
Fernandez 63.

^[259]
  On this variant see Fernandez L1:2 & 3, both found near Cana; Feig fig. 11:2;

and the Galilee boat lamp (Sussman 1990). We recall that the wick hole in Bagatti’s “Hellenistic” nozzle is larger than is shown in the drawing of
Illus. 3.4:1
. See above note 57.

^[260]
 
The side view shows a curve in the Bagatti example (
Exc
. Fig. 235:2) most closely paralleled by Fernandez L1 no.1 (p. 42)—
i.e
., the lamps from Tomb 70.

^[261]
  Feig 73–74, diagrammed in her Fig. 9:11.

^[262]
  Sussman 1990:97.

^[263]
  Fernandez 63.

^[264]
  Feig 74.

^[265]
 
Feig 73 and her note 7.

^[266]
  Sussman 1990:97.

^[267]
 
A summary of the alleged Hellenistic evidence is found in
Illus. 3.6
.

^[268]
 
Exc
. 300, 304, and 309

^[269]
  See the next section, points A, B, and C.

^[270]
  “Excavating the medieval church prior to its reconstruction as the [Church] of St. Joseph of Nazareth, in 1892 the Franciscans limited themselves to determining the plan of the walls without preoccupying themselves with the small objects. In this way, the [following] remains were exposed: a) Crusader, with some church remains; b) Byzantine, with portions of the Moslem pavement, a square basin and a pear-shaped cistern; c) Pre-Christian, with grottos and silos connected by corridors. Lacking, properly-speaking, was archaeological evidence from the principal period, the first century [CE], a tradition indebted to P. Quaresmius in 1620 and reasserted by P. Viaud, which sought to uncover the domicile of the Holy Family.

   “To be sure, P. Testa’s historical and theological study showed that the area was settled by Jewish-Christians, thus giving support to the tradition regarding the domesticity of the site, but the archaeological proof was lacking. In order to verify continuity of settlement at the place, the excavation was undertaken in an area adjoining the church itself, on the northern side. This was carried out in the month of August, 1970, with the authorization of the Department of Antiquities of Israel.” (Bagatti 1971a:5.)

^[271]
 
“Of the Hellenistic Period the pots with rim turned inwards are noted (fig. 13, 2–3). Late Hellenistic or Roman is the painted base (fig. 13,1) unfortunately greatly mutilated.” Bagatti 1971a:23.

^[272]
  P. Lapp:46–47.

^[273]
  Hayes 76–80. For
Scavo
13:1
cf.
Hayes Fig. 31:3; for
Scavo
13:2
cf.
Hayes Fig. 33:1.

^[274]
  RB 78 (1971):587.

^[275]
 
EAEHL
, “Nazareth,” p. 921.

^[276]
 
NEAEHL
, “Nazareth,” p. 1104.

^[277]
  P. Lapp:43, n.194.

^[278]
 
Scavo
Fig. 12:7–10. See Pt. 1:Ap. 2, “Itemization of the Iron Age Artefacts.”

^[279]
  Taylor 1993:254.

^[280]
  The English reads: “Considering their fragments nature…”