The Myth of Nazareth: The Invented Town of Jesus (76 page)

Trade:
long-distance —29

Trade routes:
in ancient Holy Land —19

Trajan:
—268; letter from Pliny the Younger to —291

Trench:
dug by Bagatti —142

Troglodyte theory:
Nazareth habitation in relation to —147

Troglodytes:
Church view that Nazarenes were —66

Trough grave:
 —160,
164; description —270

Trunk Road:
trade routes in relation to —19

Tseriyeh, Beit Lehem:
Nazareth in relation to —292

Tyre:
—44, 99; contest with Hazor —44

U

Ugarit
: destruction of —31

‘Uninterruptedly’:
Bagatti’s misleading use of word —90, 130

Upper Galilee:
—44

Urbanization:
beginnings of —28

V

Valley floor:
—66, 217,
220–223,
225–230,
232,
236,
261; as site of Nazareth habitation —67

Vandermeersch, B.:
Qafza excavations by —25

Varnish:
black, dating of  127

Varus:
 —154; torches Sepphoris —154

Vatican:
—71,
74

Venerated area:
—211,
216–218,
222,
223,
227–232,
234–236,
243–246,
249–251,
257,
260,
261; alleged habitations of Joseph and Mary in  —67; silos in —81; Franciscan ownership of —xiv; description of —21;
Nazareth basin
map of —24; description and discussion of —229; map of (
Illus
. 5.3) —231; agricultural installations within as secret hideaways —270

Venerated grotto:
—212

Vespasian:
 —156; enters Palestine with troops —156; makes Palestine a private possession —266

Via Maris
:
‘Way of the Sea’ —19

Viaud, Fr. Prosper:
—64,
76,
87, 194, 195; continuous habitation in relation to —64; as principal archaeologist at Nazareth —xiv;  discovers Crusader capitals —238

Virgin’s Kitchen:
—237

Vitellius:
 —155

Vitto, Fanny:
—46,
49,
50,
52,
54; tomb, Loffreda assemblage in relation to — 51; dating of Nazareth artefacts by —37; on Nazareth basin artefacts —46; on tomb 300 m SW of Church of St. Joseph —49; Vitto Tomb in relation to —50

Vlaminck, Br. Benedict: —253;
Bagatti citation of  —84; continuous habitation in relation to —64; a principal archaeologist at Nazareth —xiv; rediscovers Grotto 29 —253

W

Walls:
 —182,
189,
193,
194,
195,
200; Bagatti’s claim of pre-Byzantine   194;
Byzantine, near CA —49; foundations, alleged disappearance of —140

Walters, H.:
his dating of bow-spouted lamp —167

“Where Jesus Never Walked”:
of Frank Zindler, Lee Strobel’s critique of —286

Watershed:
of Tir‘an Valley —19

Wicked Priest:
of DSS —102

Wine:
—28,
47; beginning of vine cultivation in relation to —28

Wine press:
See also Presses; —104

Wine-making complex:
—237

Wine-making installations:
and tombs under the CA (
Illus
. 5.4) —240

Wood, B.:
on pottery workshops at Megiddo —40

Workshop of St. Joseph:
—219

Wrede, Wilhelm:
Messianic secret in relation to —287

X

Xenophon:
63

Xerxes:
—98

Y

Yadin, Yigael:
  —168; on people occupying Megiddo —45; dating of bow-spouted lamp by —168

Yahweh:
Canaanite adoption of —45

Yahweh
,
Temple of:
See also
Temple of Yahweh; —158; looting by Gessius Florus —155; burnt by Romans —266

Yavor, Zvi:
—180,
181;
on El Batris tomb —180

Yeshu ha-Notsri:
—291

Yodfat Ridge:
—19

Yokneam:
—29

Z

Zealots:
 —154,
155; as founded by Judas the Galilean —154

Zebulun (Zebulon):
—  45,
46,
52, 60; Iron I settlement of —45; region of tribe of —22; Tribe of; Nazareth basin in relation to —46

Zebulun and Naphtali:
—304

Zechariah:
—47

Zedekiah:
—62

Zeus:
altar to in Temple of Yahweh —102

Zindler, Frank:
Lee Strobel’s critique of his “Where Jesus Never Walked” —286

[1]
   In this book I follow the convention whereby
catholic
(small “c”) denotes “universal” Christian belief shared by Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Greek Orthodox persuasions, while
Catholic
refers only to Roman Catholicism.

[2]
    
Epistle to Aristides
5; also cited in Euseb.
Eccl. Hst
. I.7.14.

[3]
     For older scepticism see A. Schweizer’s
The Quest of the Historical Jesus
, Chp. 22.

^[4]
  This is taken up in a second volume,
A New Account of Christian Origins.

^[5]
  W. Dever, “Save us from postmodern malarkey,”
Biblical Archaeology Review,
Mr/Ap 2000, p. 30.

^[6]
      In order from south to north, these ranges (ridges) are the Nazareth, Tir‘an, Yodfat, Shezor, and Mount Haluz. The valleys between them are the Tir‘an, Bet Netofa, Saknin, and Bet Ha-Kerem.

^[7]
      Heb.
Derech HaYam
, Isa 9:1 (Heb. 8:23); Mt 4:15 (Vulgate). Today it is the International Coastal Highway.

^[8]
     
Darb el-Hawwarnah
in Arabic. In Roman times this route passed by the hilltop town of Sepphoris.

^[9]
      In comparison, the surface area of Megiddo encompassed 12 hectares (
c
. 120 dunams). One hectare is a square with 100 m per side = 10,000 sqare meters = 2.47 acres (about 10,000 square feet). A dunam is 1,000 square meters.

^[10]
    Also known as the Jebel es Likh.

^[11]
    The highest point in the area is the Jebel En Namsawi (presently Nazrat Illit). It is located about 1.5 km east of Mary’s Spring and rises to slightly over 500 m.

^[12]
    Continuing excavations began in 1992 sponsored by Tel Aviv University and Pennsylvania State University. See Silberman
et al
., 1999.

^[13]
    The archaeological history of Megiddo is summarized in Appendix 3, “The Stratigraphy of Megiddo.”

^[14]
    The venerated area is treated more fully in Chapter 5.

^[15]
    The Custodia di Terra Santa is the arm of the Franciscan order which manages five sites in the Nazareth area: the Church of the Annunciation, the Church of St. Joseph, the Mensa Christi, the Chapel of Fright of Mary, and the Precipice.

^[16]
    A second spring which dries up in summer is located near the present Mensa Christi church (RPTK 678). It is called
‘En ed-Jedide
(New Well). See Dalman 65.

^[17]
     
Josh 19:10–16.

^[18]
   See pp. 53–55..

^[19]
    In ancient times the annual rainfall in Lower Galilee was about 63 cm (25 in.). For the geology of Lower Galilee see Orni and Efrat 61
ff
.

^[20]
  Köppel 1935. The Levallois technique involved the flaking off of large chips from a stone core shaped like an inverted tortoise shell. These chips were rarely trimmed further. They were flat on only one side and had sharp cutting edges used for skinning. The Levallois technique contrasts with the earlier Acheulian, in which both sides of the chip were worked to produce a smooth tool with a sharp, straight edge.

^[21]
  These excavations were conducted by B. Vandermeersch, joined by O. Bar-Yosef in 1978. The former authored
Les Hommes Fossiles de Qafzeh
(Israel,
Cahiers de Paléontologie
, Paris 1981). This monograph is the principle publication regarding the Qafza cave. In addition, both excavators authored an informative article, “Qafzeh Cave,” in
NEAEHL
1196–97 (1993). The article contains an extensive bibliography.

^[22]
    See Chapter 4, pp. 202–203.

^[23]
    One report (Mansur 1923) describes a cave-tomb next to the Church of the Annunciation. It may date to Mousterian times, the same epoch as the most recent stratum of habitation at the Cave of the Leap. The author writes: “Two flint instruments were found by one of the natives, which he described as a kind of axe, and a smaller instrument, but these he unfortunately threw away in the debris. It is still hoped that they may be found again… It is most likely that the cave dates back to the flint period” (p. 91).