The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade (88 page)

Chapter One
One Empire, Under God

1.
The gory details are found in Lactantius, “Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died,” chapter 44, in Philip Schaff, ed.,
Ante-Nicene Fathers
, Vol. 7 (1896); and in Zosimus,
Historia Nova
(1814), book 2.

2.
Zosimus, book 2.

3.
Lactantius, “On the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died,” chapter 49, in Schaff,
Ante-Nicene Fathers
, vol. 7.

4.
Lactantius,
De Mortibus Persecutoram
, chapter 45, in
University of Pennsylvania, Dept of History: Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History
, vol. 4:1 (1897), pp. 28–30.

5.
Eusebius,
Life of Constantine
, 1.41, trans. Averil Cameron and Stuart G. Hall (1999), p. 86.

6.
A. A. Vasiliev,
History of the Byzantine Empire
, 324–1453, vol. 1 (1952), p. 47.

7.
Eusebius,
Life of Constantine
, 4.61; Vasiliev, pp. 48–49.

8.
Chris Scarre,
Chronicle of the Roman Emperors
(1995), p. 215.

9.
J. N. D. Kelly,
Early Christian Doctrines
, rev. ed. (1976), pp. 138–139.

10.
Ignatius,
Letter to the Ephesians
, 7, in Philip Schaff, ed.,
Ante-Nicene Fathers
, vol. 1 (1867).

11.
Kelly,
Early Christian Doctrines
, p. 141.

12.
Ibid., pp. 227–229.

13.
Eusebius,
Life of Constantine
, 2.72.

14.
Sozomen,
The Ecclesiastical History
, 4.16, in Philip Schaff and Henry Wace, eds.,
A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
, second series, Vol. 2 (1892).

15.
Vasiliev, p. 54.

16.
Vasiliev, p. 53.

17.
Sozomen,
Ecclesiastical History
, 2.3, in Schaff and Wace, vol. 2.

18.
Photius,
Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius
, trans. Edward Walford (1860), 1.9.

19.
Vasiliev, p. 59; Sozomen,
Ecclesiastical History
, 2.4, in Schaff and Wace, vol. 2.

20.
Eusebius,
Life of Constantine
, 3.47.

Chapter Two
Seeking the Mandate of Heaven

1.
Luo Guanzhong,
Three Kingdoms
, trans. Moss Roberts (1991), pp. 922–924.

2.
John MacGowan,
The Imperial History of China
(1897), p. 154.

3.
Ibid., p. 155.

4.
Guanzhong, p. 935.

5.
C. P. Fitzgerald,
China
(1938), p. 255.

6.
MacGowan, p. 160.

7.
Ibid., p. 161.

8.
Demetrius Charles Boulger,
The History of China
, vol. 1 (1972), pp. 134–135.

9.
Franz Michael,
China through the Ages
(1986), p. 90; Ann Paludan,
Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors
(1998), p. 64; Rodney Leon Taylor,
The Religious Dimensions of Confucianism
(1990), p. 14.

10.
Thomas J. Barfield,
The Perilous Frontier
(1989), p. 115.

11.
Jacques Gernet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, 2d ed., trans. J. R. Foster and Charles Hartman (1996), p. 187.

12.
Marylin M. Rhie,
Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia
, vol. 2 (1999), p. 279.

13.
MacGowan, p. 187; Barfield, p. 117.

14.
Gernet, p. 183.

15.
Mohan Wijayaratna,
Buddhist Monastic Life
, trans. Claude Gransier and Steven Collins (1990), p. 3.

16.
Michael, p. 101.

17.
Kenneth Kuan Sheng Ch’en,
Buddhism in China
(1972), pp. 57–58; William Theodore de Bary et. al.,
Sources of Chinese Tradition
, Vol. 1 (1963), p. xxi.

Chapter Three
An Empire of the Mind

1.
Ranbir Vohra,
The Making of India
(2001), p. 28.

2.
K. A. Nilakanta Sastri,
A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagari
, 3d ed. (1966), p. 92.

3.
Romila Thapar,
Early India
(2002), p. 282.

4.
Ibid., p. 283.

5.
John Keay,
India
(2000), pp. 138–139.

6.
Stanley Wolpert,
A New History of India
, 7th ed. (2004), p. 85.

7.
Keay, p. 132.

8.
Thapar,
Early India
, p. 280.

9.
The Kalinga Edict, trans. by Romila Thapar,
Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas
, 3d rev. ed. (1998), p. 255.

10.
Thapar,
Early India
, p. 238.

11.
Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi,
Literary and Historical Studies in Indology
(1975), pp. 119–121.

12.
Thapar,
Early India
, p. 286; Keay, p. 142.

13.
Faxian,
A record of Buddhistic kingdoms
, trans. James Legge (1886), pp. 42–43, 79.

Chapter Four
The Persian Threat

1.
Richard N. Frye,
The History of Ancient Iran
(1983), p. 309; Muhammed ibn Jarir al-Tabari,
The History of al-Tabari
, vol. 5 (1999), pp. 51–52.

2.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 5, pp. 54–55.

3.
Ibid., pp. 52–53.

4.
T. D. Barnes, “
Constantine and the Christians of Persia
,”
The Journal of Roman Studies
, 75 (1985), p. 132; also see Eusebius,
Life of Constantine
, 4.8

5.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 5, p. 155.

6.
Vahan M. Kurkjian,
A History of Armenia
(1958), pp. 119–120.

7.
Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 13, p. 244; Barnes, p. 128; Aphrahat, “Demonstration XXI: Of Persecution,” in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 13, p. 519.

8.
Barnes, p. 132; Eusebius,
Life of Constantine
, 4.56–57.

9.
Scarre, p. 221; Eusebius,
Life of Constantine
, 4.75.

10.
Frye,
The History of Ancient Iran
, p. 310.

11.
Christopher S. Mackay,
Ancient Rome
(2004), p. 316.

12.
Ibid., p. 317.

13.
Frye,
History of Ancient Iran
, p. 310.

14.
Ammianus Marcellinus,
The History of Ammianus Marcellinus
, (1982), vol. 1, 18.6.21–22.

15.
Ibid., 18.8

16.
Ibid., 19.3

Chapter Five
The Apostate

1.
Vasiliev, p. 69; Mackay, p. 320.

2.
Vasiliev, p. 75.

3.
Quoted in E. A. Thompson,
The Huns
, rev. Peter Heather (1999), p. 23.

4.
Vasiliev, pp. 72–73.

5.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 5, p. 59; Ammianus Marcellinus,
The History of Ammianus Marcellinus
, vol. 2 (1986), 23.5.10–11.

6.
Ammianus,
History
, vol. 2 (1986), 25.3.15–23; Theodoret,
Church History
, 3.10, in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 3.

7.
Ammianus,
History
, vol. 2, 25.5.4–6, 10.14–15; Mackay, p. 321.

8.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 5, pp. 62–63.

9.
Vasiliev, p. 78.

10.
Ammianus II (1986), XXV.10.12–15.

Chapter Six
Earthquake and Invasion

1.
Zosimus, book 4; Theodoret,
Church History
4.4, in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 3.

2.
Ammianus Marcellinus,
The Later Roman Empire
, trans. Walter Hamilton (1986), 26.4.

3.
Ibid.

4.
Zosimus, book 4.

5.
Vasiliev, p. 79; Socrates,
Church History
, 4.2, in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 2; Zosimus, book 4; Ammianus,
Later Roman Empire
, 26.5.

6.
Gavin Kelly, “Ammianus and the Great Tsunami,”
The Journal of Roman Studies
, (2004), p. 143.

7.
Ammianus,
History
, vol. 2, 26.10.16–18.

8.
Ammianus,
Later Roman Empire
, 26.4.

9.
Socrates,
Church History
, 4.5 in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 2.