The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade (89 page)

10.
Kelly, “Ammianus and the Great Tsunami,” p. 143; Libanius, “On Avenging Julian (Or. 24.14),” quoted in Kelly, p. 147.

11.
“Letter of Auxentius,” trans. Peter Heather and John Matthews,
The Goths in the Fourth Century
(1991), p. 138.

12.
Gerhard Herm,
The Celts
, (1976), p. 226.

13.
Quoted in Daithi O Hogain,
The Celts
(2003), p. 191.

14.
Ibid., p. 205.

15.
I. A. Richmond,
Roman Britain
(1955), p. 228.

16.
O Hogain, p. 206.

17.
Richmond, pp. 63–64.

18.
Ammianus,
History
, vol. 3, 29.6.1.

19.
Ibid., 29.6.5–6.

20.
Ibid., 30.5.13–14.

21.
Ibid., 30.6.3.

22.
Ammianus,
Later Roman Empire
, pp. 412–415; Thompson, p. 26; Vasiliev, p. 86.

23.
In Jordanes,
The Gothic History of Jordanes
, trans. Charles Christopher Mierow (1915), book 24.

24.
Genesis 6:1–4.

25.
Vasiliev, p. 86.

26.
Ammianus,
History
, vol. 3, 31.8.6; Socrates,
Church History
, 4.38, in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 2.

Chapter Seven
Refounding the Kingdom

1.
San-kuo chih
30, trans. Michael C. Rogers, in Peter H. Lee et al., eds.,
Sourcebook of Korean Civilization
, vol. 1 (1993), p. 17.

2.
James Huntley Grayson,
Early Buddhism and Christianity in Korea
(1985), p. 19.

3.
Chan Master Sheng Yen,
Zen Wisdom
(1993), p. 169; Ch’en, pp. 59–61.

4.
Edward T. Ch’ien, “The Neo-Confucian Confrontation with Buddhism,”
Journal of Chinese Philosophy
, 15 (1988), pp. 349–350; Ki-baik Lee,
A New History of Korea
, trans. Edward W. Wagner (1984), p. 38; Lee and deBary, p. 35.

5.
Lee,
New History of Korea
, p. 37.

6.
Grayson,
Early Buddhism and Christianity in Korea
, p. 26.

7.
Lee,
New History of Korea
, p. 38; Lee and deBary (1993), p. 25; John Whitney Hall et al.,
The Cambridge History of Japan
(1988), p. 361.

Chapter Eight
The Catholic Church

1.
Vasiliev, p. 79; Zosimus, book 4.

2.
Gregory of Nyssa, “On the Divinity of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,” In A. D. Lee,
Pagans and Christians in Late Antiquity
(2000), p. 110.

3.
Sozomen,
Ecclesiastical History,
7.4, in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 2.

4.
Vasiliev, p. 80; Codex Theodosianus, 16.1–2, in Theodosius,
The Theodosian Codes and Novels and the Sirmondian Consititutions
, ed. Clyde Pharr, with Theresa Sherrer Davidson and Mary Brown Pharr (1952).

5.
Sozomen,
Ecclesiastical History
, 7. 12, in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 2.

6.
Ibid.

7.
Vasiliev, p. 87.

8.
Scarre, p. 229.

9.
Vasiliev, p. 81.

Chapter Nine
Excommunicated

1.
John Davies,
A History of Wales
(1993), p. 52.

2.
O Hogain, pp. 206–207; Geoffrey of Monmouth,
The History of the Kings of Britain
, trans. Lewis Thorpe 1966), 9.2.

3.
Zosimus, book 4.

4.
al-Tabari
History
, p. 68.

5.
Walter Pohl, “The Vandals: Fragments of a Narrative,” in A. H. Merrills, ed.,
Vandals, Romans and Berbers
(2004), p. 34; Paulus Orosius,
The Seven Books of History against the Pagans
, trans. Roy J. Defarrari (1964), p. 352.

6.
Ambrose of Milan,
The Letters of St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan
, trans. H. Walford (1881), letter 20; George Huntston Williams, “Christology and Church-State Relations in the Fourth Century (concluded),”
Church History
, 20:4 (1951), p. 5.

7.
Sozomen,
Ecclesiastical History
, 7.13, in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 2.

8.
Socrates,
Ecclesiastical History
, 5.14, in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 2; Orosius, book 7.

9.
“The Memorial of Symmachus,” in Ambrose of Milan,
Letters
, letter 7.

10.
Ambrose of Milan,
Letters
, letter 8.

11.
Sozomen,
Ecclesiastical History
, 7.25, in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 2.

12.
Theodoret,
Church History
, 5.17, in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 3.

13.
Vasiliev, p. 82.

Chapter Ten
Cracked in Two

1.
Orosius, book 7; Sozoman,
Ecclesiastical History
, 7.24 in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 2; Socrates,
Ecclesiastical History
5. 25, in Schaff and Wace, S
elect Library
, vol. 12.

3.
Finley Hooper,
Roman Realities
(1979), p. 536; Vasiliev, p. 90; Zosimus, book 5; J. B. Bury,
A History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 1 (1966), p. 62.

4.
Roger Collins,
Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000
, 2d ed. (1999), p. 30.

5.
Ibid., pp. 23–24, 39.

6.
Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 1, p. 64; Vasiliev, p. 91.

7.
Claudian, “Against Rufinus,” in
Claudian
(1922), trans. Maurice Platnauer, pp. 88–89.

8.
Ibid., p. 88; Zosimus, book 5.

9.
Zosimus, book 5.

Chapter Eleven
The Sack of Rome

1.
Henry Chadwick,
The Early Church
(1967), p. 169; Kelly,
Early Christian Doctrines
, pp. 13–14.

2.
Augustine,
Confessions
, trans. Henry Chadwick (1998), 8.12.

3.
Norman Cantor,
The Civilization of the Middle Ages
(1984), p. 51.

4.
Kelly,
Early Christian Doctrines
, p. 410–411.

5.
Philip Schaff, ed.,
A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
, vol. 4, first series (1889), p. 751.

6.
Kelly,
Early Christian Doctrines
, p. 411.

7.
Schaff,
Select Library
, vol. 4, p. 906.

8.
Zosimus, book 5.

9.
Procopius,
History of the Wars
,
Secret History, and Buildings
, trans. Averil Cameron (1967), I.2.

10.
Ibid.

11.
Claudian,
De Bello Gothico
26.

12.
Thomas Hodgkin,
Italy and Her Invaders
(1892), pp. 721–723.

13.
O Hogain, p. 208; Collins, pp. 13, 25.

14.
J. B. Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 1, p. 113.

15.
Ibid., p. 117; Collins, p. 14; Gregory of Tours,
The History of the Franks
, trans. Lewis Thorpe (1974), 2.8.

16.
Zosimus, book 6.

17.
Jerome, “Letter CXXVII,” in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 6.

Chapter Twelve
One Nature versus Two

1.
Agathias,
The Histories
, trans. Joseph D. Frendo (1975), 4.26.8.

2.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 5, p. 71.

3.
Thompson, p. 35.

4.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 5, p. 73.

5.
Ibid., pp. 88–89.

6.
Procopius,
History of the Wars
,
Secret History, and Buildings
, I.2.

7.
Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 1, p. 128.

8.
George Ostrogorsky,
History of the Byzantine State
, rev. ed., trans. Joan Hussey (1969), p. 58.

9.
Ugo Bianchi, “The Contribution of the Cologne Mani Codex to the Religio-Historical Study of Manicheism,” in Mary Boyce,
Papers in Honour of Professor Mary Boyce
(1985), pp. 18–20.

Chapter Thirteen
Seeking a Homeland

1.
Jordanes, 30.157–158.

2.
Ibid., 31.160.

3.
Sozomen,
Ecclesiastical History
, 4.14, in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 2.

4.
Collins, p. 25; O Hogain, p. 210.