The French Way (71 page)

90
. CSA-Libération, “L'Amérique.”

91
. Zogby International,
The Ten Nation Impressions of America Poll
(Washington, DC: Zogby International, March 23, 2002), 5. The national average of unfavorable views of the American people was 28 percent, while 35 percent of those between 18 and 29 spoke unfavorably.

92
. The CSA poll, which offered the most detailed analysis of age, echoed the findings of the State Department and the Pew Center that it was not a significant variable, except for the older generation; Sondages CSA,
LApproche de l'élection.

93
. The State Department concluded, after reviewing variables like age and gender for France, Britain, Germany and Italy, that “clear and consistent differences exist only along party lines”; U.S. Department of State,
Europeans and Anti-Americanism
, 6. An earlier Gallup survey reached the same conclusion about the importance of political preference; Gallup International, France-America Foundation and
L'Express, France and the United States: A Study in Mutual Image
(Washington, DC: Gallup International, 1986), 8.

94
. SOFRES and French-American Foundation,
France-Etats-Unis
, 1.

95
. Some 66 percent of the Right in contrast to 49 percent of the Left made this choice. Sainte Marie, “Nos derniers sondages.” The CSA-Libération poll confirmed this finding: it reported that 70 percent of the Left, as opposed to 50 percent of the Right, said they did not feel close to the American people. CSA-Libération, “L'Amérique.”

96
. Sondages CSA,
LApproche de l'élection.

97
. Sainte Marie, “Nos derniers sondages.” Of the Right, 35 percent expressed a positive appreciation, but only 19 percent of the Left did.

98
. Sondages CSA,
LApproche de l'élection.
Those who associated themselves with the Left, more frequently than those on the Right, selected (respectively, in percentages) negative terms like
violence
(53/47),
strong social inequality
(49/43), and
racism
(38/27).

99
. Data for this paragraph come from Sondages CSA,
LApproche de l'élection.

100
. Martin A. Schain, “Immigration, the National Front and Changes in the French Party System,” paper presented to the American Political Science Association, Boston, September 1998.

101
. See Sondages CSA,
LApproche de l'élection;
and Frachon, “L'image des EtatsUnis.” National Front adherents attributed the death penalty to the United States far more frequently than any other party, probably because they wanted capital punishment restored in France. In the Iraq crisis, the Far Right showed more sympathy for the U.S. position than the Parliamentary Right or the Left, but it also believed (66 percent) more strongly than the Parliamentary Right (46 percent) and Left (54 percent) that the United States and France opposed each other on the major issues of the time. See Ipsos, “Que pensent les Français des Etats-Unis et de la crise irakienne?” 10 March 2003,
http://www.ipsos.fr/CanalIpsos/poll/7746.asp
.

102
. CSA-Libération, “L'Amérique.”

103
. Charles Truehart, “A Beef with More Than Big Mac,”
Washington Post
, 1 July 2000, A22.

104
. See René Rémond,
Les Etats-Unis devant l'opinion française, 1814-1852
(Paris: Éditions Armand Colin, 1962); Jacques Portes,
Fascination and Misgivings:
The United States in French Opinion, 1870-1914
, trans. Elborg Forster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); and Philippe Roger,
The American Enemy: The History of French Anti-Americanism
, trans. Sharon Bowman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).

105
. See Roger,
The American Enemy
, part 2; and Seth Armus,
French Anti-Americanism, 1930-1948
(Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007).

106
. Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc Wacquant, for example, savaged American social theory for its mental colonization of Europe. See Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc Wacquant, “La nouvelle vague planétaire,”
Le Monde diplomatique
, May 2000, 6-7; and Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc Wacquant, “On the Cunning of Imperialist Reason,”
Theory, Culture and Society
16, no. 1 (1999): 41-58. Bourdieu and Wacquant denounced America for globalizing its analytical categories and positions and setting the agenda for how everyone debated social, economic and political questions.

107
. Jacques Chirac, quoted in John Tagliabue, “Resisting Those Ugly Americans,”
New York Times
, 9 January, 2000, 10.

108
. Mickey Kantor, quoted in David Sanger, “Playing the Trade Card,”
New York Times
, 17 February 1997, 43.

109
. Editorial by Felix Rohatyn,
Washington Post
, 20 February 2001, A23.

110
. Jean-Philippe Mathy,
French Resistance: The French-American Culture Wars
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), 16.

111
. Mamère and Warin,
Non merci
, 175.

112
. Denis Lacorne, “The Barbaric Americans,”
Wilson Quarterly
25 (2001): 54.

113
. “Autour du malaise français” featured articles by Lucien Karpik, Philippe Raynaud, Michel Wieviorka, Paul Yonnet, and Brigitte Vial in
Le Débat
75 (ï993): 112-48. See also Alain Duhamel,
Les Peurs françaises
(Paris: Éditions Flammarion, 1993); Stéphane Marchand,
French Blues: pourquoi plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose
(Paris: First Editions, 1997); Jean-Claude Barreau,
La France va-t-elle disparaître
(Paris: Éditions Bernard Grasset, 1997); Stanley Hoffmann, “France, Keeping the Demons at Bay,”
New York Review of Books
, 3 March 1994, 10-16; Secrétariat d'Etat au Plan,
Entrer dans le XXIe siècle: essai sur l'avenir de l'identité française
(Paris: Éditions la Découverte et la Documentation française, 1990). For a bibliographic guide, see Edward Knox, “Regarder la France: une réflexion bibliographique,”
French Review
72 (1998): 91-101. See also Alan Riding, “The French Funk,”
New York Times Magazine
, 21 March 1993, 24, 51-54; Dominique Moïsi, “The Trouble with France,”
Foreign Affairs
77, no. 3 (1998): 94-104; Jean-Louis Bourlanges,
Le Diable est-il européen?
(Paris: Éditions Stock, 1992). Two British contributions to this discussion are Andrew Jack,
The French Exception: Still So Special?
(London: Profile, 1999); and Jonathan Fenby,
France on the Brink: A Great Civilization Faces the New Century
(New York: Arcade, 1998).

114
. Hubert Haenel, “La France abîmée,”
Le Figaro
, 26 September 1991, 2.

115
. For a review of
Les Lieux de mémoire
, see Yves Lequin, “Une rupture épisté-mologique,”
Magazine littéraire
, February 1993, 27-28. The original edition under the direction of Pierre Nora was published by Éditions Gallimard between 1984 and 1992 as
Les Lieux de mémoire.
The two multivolume English versions are :
Realms of Memory
, ed. Lawrence Kitzman, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996-98); and
Rethinking
France
, translation directed by David Jordan (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001-10).

116
. Unidentified deputy, quoted in Alan Riding, “France Questions Its Identity as It Sinks into ‘Le Malaise,'”
New York Times
, 23 December 1990, 8.

117
. Pierre Birnbaum, quoted in Roger Cohen, “For France, Sagging Self-Image and Esprit,”
New York Times
, 11 February 1997, A8.

118
. Riding, “France Questions Its Identity,” 8.

119
. Moïsi, “The Trouble with France,” 103.

120
. Alec Stone, “Ratifying Maastricht: France Debates European Union,”
French Politics and Society
11 (1993), 83-84; Paul Lewis, “Europeans Say French Vote Forces Delay,”
New York Times
, 22 September 1992, Ai, 16.

121
. Jacques Lesourne, “Les enjeux du ‘oui,'”
Le Monde
, 19 September 1992, 1.

122
. Duhamel,
Les Peurs françaises
, 15-16.

123
. For the transformation of the peasantry since 1950, see Annie Moulin,
Peasantry and Society in France since 1789
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 165-99; and Henri Mendras,
La Fin des paysans suivi d'une réflexion sur La fin des paysans vingt ans après
(Arles, France: Actes Sud, 1984). For the recent past, see Bertrand Hervieu, “Un impossible deuil: à propos de l'agriculture et du monde rural en France,”
French Politics and Society
10 (1992): 41-59.

124
. Hervieu, “Un impossible deuil,” 58.

125
. Laurence Wylie, “Roussillon, ‘87: Returning to the Village in the Vaucluse,”
French Politics and Society
7 (1989): 1-26.

126
. Dominique Moïsi, quoted in Roger Cohen, “The French, Disneyed and Jurassick, Fear Erosion,”
New York Times
, 21 November 1993, E2.

127
. Alan Riding, “French Farmers Gird for War against U.S.”
New York Times
, 11 November 1992, A11.

128
. Some 47 percent said the two nations were either adversaries or adversarial partners. An equal number said the two were partners. Only 28 percent perceived the United States as acting to keep peace, and 11 percent to help democracy. SOFRES and French-American Foundation,
France-Etats-Unis
, 2.

129
. U.S. Department of State,
Six in Ten French Elites.
Significantly, only 5 percent of the elite made this connection. On attitudes toward globalization, see Philip Gordon and Sophie Meunier, “Globalization and French Cultural Identity,”
French Politics, Culture and Society
10, no. 1 (2001): 22-41.

130
. Hubert Védrine with Dominique Moïsi,
France in an Age of Globalization
, trans. Philip Gordon (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001), 3.

131
. Daniel Vernet, “Les Français préfèrent M. Reagan au ‘reaganisme,'”
Le Monde
, 6 November 1984, 1, 6.

132
. For Germany, Mary Nolan contends, the rise of “political anti-Americanism” since the 1960s replaced the cultural, socioeconomic, antimodernist version of earlier decades; see Mary Nolan, “Anti-Americanism and Americanization in Germany,”
Politics and Society
33 (March 2005): 88-122. Alexander Stephan, addressing Europe, argues that traditional anti-Americanism, the emotional totalizing rejection of American culture and lifestyle, has given way to a conflict over political, socioeconomic, cultural systems; Alexander Stephan, “Cold War Alliances and the Emergence of Transatlantic Competition,” in
The Americanization of Europe: Culture, Diplomacy and Anti-Americanism after 194s
, ed. Alexander Stephan (New York: Berghahn, 2006), 5.

133
. Sophie Meunier, “The French Exception,”
Foreign Affairs
79, no. 4 (2000): 104-16.

134
. See Jean-François Revel,
L'Obsession anti-américaine
(Paris: Plon, 2002); Guy Sorman, “L'antiaméricanisme se réchauffe,”
Le Figaro
, 8 April 2001, 17; Pascal Bruckner, “La France, victime universelle?”
Le Monde
, 2 April 1998, 18.

135
. In 1991
Le Monde diplomatique
accepted its reputation as anti-American on the condition that “anti-Americanism begins with refusing submission”; see Vincent Dollier, “La croisade du
Monde Diplomatique
,“
Les Collections de L'Histoire: L'Empire américain
7 (2000): 100.

136
. Craig Whitney, “Anxious French Mutter,”
New York Times
, 2 December 1999, A12.

Reflections

1
. Madeleine Albright,
Madam Secretary
(New York: Miramax Books, 2003), 447.

2
. Marc Bloch,
Strange Defeat
, trans. Gerard Hopkins (New York: Norton, 1999), 149.

3
. Jean-Marie Colombani, “Un Monde à part,”
Le Monde
, 5 November 2004, 1.

4
. Estimates vary in the range of 3.5 to 4.4 percent; some place France ahead, others the United States.

INDEX

The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

Note: Page numbers in italic indicate illustrations.

advertising: by American businesses; as aspect of culture; Bas-Lauriol Law and French language requirement for

Afghanistan

Africa

agriculture: Common Agricultural Policy of the EU; as cultural heritage and source of identity; EU import restrictions; food safety concerns about American products; GATT negotiations and; genetically modified crops; McDonald's crop requirements; protection and subsidies for French; protests against American companies,
247
AIDS epidemic

Albert, Michel

Albright, Madeline

Allègre, Claude

Americanization; adaptation of American businesses to other cultural contexts; American businesses in France (
See
Coca-Cola; Euro Disney; McDonald's); anti-Americanism and; consumer culture and; of French business practices; French national identity and; global business environment and; influence on social order or civil society; Lang and efforts to curb; and loss of global cultural diversity; as superficial.
See also
cultural imperialism Andréani, Jacques

Annan, Kofi

anti-Americanism; academic study of phenomenon; and America as “other,”; American enterprises and; Americanization as context for; among intellectuals;
anti-américanisme primaire
93; and anti-anti-Americanism; and Baudrillard's
Amérique
; changes in; culture clashes and; definitions and descriptions ofm; and doubt about French national identity; French malaise as context for; globalization and; GRECE and the New Right; language policy and; opinion surveys and; philo-Ameri-canism as response to; political ideology and; as political strategy; during ReaganBush years and; reasons for

anticapitalism

anti-French sentiment in America

Apollon

Ariès, Philippe

arms control.
See also
Euromissiles Aron, Raymond

Atlantic Alliance; American domination of; de Gaulle and the; French autonomy and; Mitterrand and elimination of; Reagan and “global security” agenda.
See also
Chirac, Jacques; Mitterrand, François; NATO; transatlantic community Attali, Jacques

audiovisual industries: “cultural exception” and market restrictions; Disney productions; French success in protecting; Lang and protectionist policy for; MAI and protection of; quotas and; taxes and fees levied on audiovisual products; technology and; Television without Frontiers directive

Baker, James

Balladur, Édouard

Barrault, Jean Louis

Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise

Bas-Lauriol Law

Baudrillard, Jean

Bazin, Hervé

Beau, Nicolas

Ben Jelloun, Tahar

Benoist, Alain de

Benoist, Jean-Marie

Bérégovoy, Pierre

Berger, Sandy

Berger, Suzanne

Berger, Yves

Bernheim, Nicole

Bertrand, Claude-Jean

Besançon, Alain

Birnbaum, Pierre

Blain, Gérard

Blair, Tony

Blair House Accord

Blinken, Anthony

Bloch, Marc

Boniface, Pascal

Bosnia

Bosredon, Oliver de

Bourdieu, Pierre

Bourguignon, Philippe

Bouton, Daniel

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros

Bové, José

Bozo, Frédéric

Brezhnev, Leonid

Britain.
See
Great Britain Brittan, Leon

Bruckner, Pascal

Bujon de l'Estang, François

Bush, George H. W.; French opinions of US during administration of; German reunification and; Mitterrand and; and Operation Desert Storm; popularity in France; socioeconomic policies of; trade policies of

Bush, George W.: and French opinions of US

business, American enterprises in France; adaptation to French context; and change in French consumption and leisure habits; and competition from local companies; cultural insensitivity of; franchise system; labor code and; and products as “American,” 153; protests against.
See also
Coca-Cola; Euro Disney; McDonald's business, Americanization of French

CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) of the EU

Carter, Jimmy, and administration

Casanova, Jean-Claude

Centre National de Tranfusion Sanguine (CNTS)

Charette, Hervé de

Chevènement, Jean-Pierre

Cheysson, Claude

Chirac, Jacques; and AIDS epidemic; Clinton and; “cohabitation” (power sharing) with Mitterrand; deregulation and American television; economic policies of; as leader of Gaullists; offer to rejoin NATO; on Reagan; relationship with Clinton; SDI and; Soviet Union and; and US bombing of Libya; and WEU revitalization

Christopher, Warren

cinema: American films as competition for European; American imports as cultural threat; Americanization of French; Americans as audience for French; competitiveness of French; the “cultural exception” and protection of French; Deauville film festival; French as audience for American; and French national identity; quota system for imports; subsidies for; tax on film tickets

Clinton, Bill: commitment to European security; French opinions of US during administration of; globalization and; global security and; and “indispensable nation” as frame for foreign policy; Iraq policy; NATO reforms and; policy in Balkans; relationship with Chirac; socioeconomic polices of; trade policies of; visit to Lyons

Coca-Cola: advertising by; business practices of; French competitors; French consumption of; health and food safety issues; market share and profits of; protests against; as symbol of America; wine consumption and

Cohen, William

Colombani, Jean-Marie

Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTFs)

Committee for National Identity

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EU

communism: French Communist Party; and Gaullism as narratives of French identity; Gulag effect and French opinion of Soviet Union; Reagan and anti-communism

Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)

Corneau, Alain

Cresson, Edithi Crozier, Michel

CSCE (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe)

Cuba; trade with “cultural exception,” the

cultural imperialism: Lang's campaign to restrain; as political issue; as threat to cultural diversity; as threat to national identity

cultural imports, American: and the “cultural exception,”; as economic issue; French opinions of; Lang's campaign to restrain; music; and “standardized” culture; symbolic power of products; as threat to national identity; Uruguay Round trade negotiations and.
See also
cinema; television currencies: “Big Mac Index” to compare; dollar and global economy; dollar as privileged in world markets; Economic and Monetary Union; Euro, adoption of; exchange rates

Daix, Pierre
Dallas
(television program)

Daniel, Jean

Dayan, Raymond

Dayton Peace Accords

death penalty

de Beauvoir, Simone

Debouzy, Marianne

Debray, Régis

Debré, Michel

defense: American commitment to European; Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF); Eureka project; European Security and Defense Policy; France as member of UN Security Council; French military and preparedness (
See also
nuclear weapons); French military involvement in Yugoslavia; Rapid Reaction Force; Reagan's “global security” agenda; SDI proposal; UNPROFOR and security in Yugoslavia; WEU as alternative to NATO.
See also
Atlantic Alliance; NATO Delors, Jacques

Derrida, Jacques

Desert Fox

Desert Storm; French diplomatic efforts to avoid war; popular opposition to French involvement in

d'Estaing, Valéry Giscard.
See
Giscard d'Estaing, Valéry
détente
with Soviet Union: Afghanistan invasion and; French commitment to; US and
dirigisme:
economic liberalism and continued; Gaullism and; and globalization

Disney, Walt

Disneyland Paris.
See
Euro Disney Domenach, Jean-Marie

Drancourt, Michel

Druon, Maurice

Duhamel, Alain

Duhamel, Georges

Dumas, Roland

Eastern Europe: CSCE and; German reunification and; NATO enlargement in; Soviet domination of; trade with; and unified Europe

Eco, Umberto

Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)

Eisner, Michael

Elleinstein, Jean

embargoes and sanctions; arms embargo on Yugoslavia; Iran-Libya Sanctions Act; Soviet grain embargo

emigration

employment: American job growth; emigration to US and UK in search of; French
vs.
American unemployment rates; globalization and increased unemployment; job insecurity and American-style; labor code violations by American enterprises; workweek reduction and

EMU (Economic and Monetary Union)

energy; Euro-Soviet pipeline; Iran-Libya Sanctions Act; as motive for Operation Desert Storm; as motive of George W. Bush for war in Iraq

entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship

environmental issues: Americans and disregard for

ESDP (European Security and Defense Policy)

espionage

Eureka project

Euro, adoption of uniform currency

Euro Disney; as “American”

experience; attendance at; business model and practices; contract negotiations with French government; cultural insensitivity of; as employer; and English as “official” language; establishment of; French theme park competitors; near bankruptcy and restructuring of; protests against; as threat to French culture; trade unions and

Euromissiles

European Community (EC): and cultural “colonization,” 46; as single market.
See also
Delors, Jacques; European Union; Television without Frontiers directive

European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP)

European Union (EU): Coca-Cola's marketing practices; Common Agricultural Policy of; as counter to US power; and erosion of national identity; and health safety; Maastricht criteria and membership in.
See also
European Community Eyskens, Mark

Fabius, Laurent; AIDs policies of; economic policies of

Fantasia, Rick

farming.
See
agriculture financial sector

Finkielkraut, Alain

Fitzpatrick, Robert

Fontanes, Michel

food: fast food consumption by the French; food safety issues; as French cultural heritage;
la malbouffe
; “taste” education in French schools; wine consumption

force defrappe

Fortress Europe

French Way, The.
See also
identity, French; modernity Fumaroli, Marc

Furet, François

G7 meetings; American domination of; American politicization of; Reagan and “global security” agenda

Gadhafi, Mu'ammar al-

Galbraith, Evan

Gallo, Max

Gallo, Robert

Garretta, Michel

GATT.
See
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Gattaz, Yvon

Gauchet, Marcel

Gaullism: and anti-Americanism;
dirigisme
and; as political narrative

Gélinier, Octave

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): agricultural issues and; “cultural exception” and the; protests targeting; Uruguay Round

Germany: Atlantic Alliance and; Coca-Cola consumption in; as economic power; Eurocorps proposal and; McDonald's franchises in; nuclear deterrence strategy and; reunification of; trade issues and; and Yugoslavia

Giscard d'Estaing, Valéry

globalization: agriculture and; as American-led transformation; cultural diversity threatened by; economic challenges presented by; English language and; and foreign investment; response of French to

Glucksmann, André

Gobard, Henri

Goizueta, Roberto

Gorbachev, Mikhail; German reunification and

Gordon, Philip

Great Britain: and Balkan intervention; as economic competitor; employment opportunities in; and the EU; and European defense; and German reunification; and Reagan's security policies.
See also
Thatcher, Margaret GRECE (Groupement de Recherche et d'Études sur la Civilisation Européenne)

Green Party

Groupement de Recherche et d'Études sur la Civilisation Européenne (GRECE)

Guigou, Elisabeth

Gulf Warsi-16.
See also
Saddam Hussein

Harriman, Pamela

Helms-Burton Act

Hennequin, Denis

Hervieu, Bertrand

Hoffmann, Stanley

Holbrooke, Richard

human rights

hyperpower, America as; multilateralism and multipolarity as response to

identity, French: agricultural heritage and; anti-Americanism linked to doubts about; Catholic Church and; cinema and; consumer society and erosion of; cultural imports as threat to; and culture as economic issue;
dirigisme
linked to; Gaullism and communism as narratives of; globalization and assertion of; high culture and; language and; malaise and anxiety over; mass culture and; national independence and; and reaction to American enterprises

immigration

independence, national sovereignty: American hegemony as threat to; Gaullism and; multilateralism and shared sovereignty; national identity and; national security and defense; NATO and

information technology

intellectuals: anti-Americanism among; anti-anti-Americanism among; antiwar sentiments and; cultural identity as concern of; differences between American and French; reactions to Euro Disney; reappraisals of

interest rates: economic impact of

investment: banking infrastructure and foreign; French investment in US; and GDP; globalization and foreign; liberalization and; MAI and; Single European Act and opportunities for; socialism as climate for foreign investment; states role in monitoring; in technology sector; US investment in France