The French Way (68 page)

78
. Dominique Strauss-Kahn, quoted in Pedder, “The Grand Illusion,” 11.

79
. Lionel Jospin, “Ce monde a besoin de règles,”
Le Monde
, 22 September 1999, 3; Lionel Jospin, “Concurrence à gauche pour la formation d'un front ‘anticapitaliste,'”
Le Monde
, 23 September 1999, 6.

80
. Dominique Strauss-Kahn, quoted in Philippe Lemaître and Laurent Zec-chini, “L'Europe ne croit guère aux recettes libérales américaines,”
Le Monde
, 24 June 1997, 2.

81
. Michel Lallement, “New Patterns of Industrial Relations and Political Action since the 1980s,” in Culpepper et al., eds.,
Changing France
, 54-60.

82
. For Minitel and the Internet, see Trumbull,
Silicon and the State
, 60-82. For the country's rapid progress see the World Bank's development indicators,
http://www.google.com/publicdata?ds=wb-wdi&met=it_net_user&idim=country:FRA&dl=en&hl=en&q=france+internet+users+statistics
.

83
. Trumbull,
Silicon and the State
, 2. See also Gunnar Trumbull, “From Rents to Risks: France's New Innovation Policy,” paper presented at the conference “The New Cleavages in France,” Princeton University, October 2003. My discussion of information technology is derived from Trumbull's studies.

84
. Alain Duhamel, “Droite: le handicap Seillière,”
Libération
, 20 February 1998, 5; “Ernest-Antoine de Seillière, Boss of France's Bosses,”
Economist
, 11 March 2000, 60-61. For the Mouvement des enterprises de France, see Isabelle Mandraud and Caroline Monnot, “Kessler égale Tocqueville,”
Le Monde
, 25 June 2000, ii.

85
. Gérard Desportes, “Un libéralisme sans complexe: le MEDEF…,”
Libération
, 6 April 2000, 4.

86
. Alain Minc,
Www.capitalisme.fr
(Paris: Éditions Bernard Grasset, 2000). See also Messier,
J6M.com
.

87
. Patrick Coquidé, “Mais où sont donc passés les libéraux?”
L'Expansion
, 19 May-i June 1994, 50-52.

88
. Gordon and Meunier,
French Challenge
, 24.

89
. Michel Goyer,
The Transformation of Corporate Governance in France
, U.S.France Analysis Series (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, January 2003), 83.

90
. Hervé Jannic, “U.S. Corp. in France,”
L'Expansion
special issue, “Comment l'Amérique a changé la France,” 2-15 June 1994, 54-58.

91
. Joseph Quinlan,
Drifting Apart or Growing Together? The Primacy of the Transatlantic Economy
(Washington, DC: Center for Transatlantic Relations, 2003), 28.

92
. Sophie Meunier, “Free-Falling France or Free-Trading France?”
French Politics, Culture and Society
22 (2004): 102.

93
. For general treatments besides Gordon and Meunier,
French Challenge
, see Vivien A. Schmidt, “French Capitalism Transformed, Yet still a Third Variety of Capitalism,”
Economy and Society
32 (2003): 526-54; Pepper Culpepper, “Capitalism, Coordination, and Economic Change: the French Political Economy since 1985,” in Culpepper et al., eds.,
Changing France
, 29-49; and Cait Murphy, “The Next French Revolution,”
Fortune
, 12 June 2000, 157-68.

94
. Marc Lassus, quoted in G. Pascal Zachary, “Yanks in Vogue,”
Wall Street Journal
, 8 June 1998, 1, 10.

95
. Samer Iskandar, “BNP Turns Up Heat in Bank Bid Battle,”
Financial Times
, 26 July 1999, 20.

96
. “Three Wiser Men,”
Financial Times
, 30 August 1999, 13.

97
. Samer Iskandar, “Regulators Block BNP ‘s Bid for Société Générale,”
Financial Times
, 30 August 1999, 1.

98
. François Morin, “Transformation of the French Model of Shareholding and Management,”
Economy and Society
29, no. 1 (2000): 37.

99
. Morin, “Transformation,” 45, 49.

100
. Jean-Luc Lagardère, quoted in Pedder, “The Grand Illusion,” 4.

101
. Pierre Briançon, “The Great French Shopping Spree,”
France Magazine
59
⁽²⁰⁰
I
⁾
: 34.

102
. Small business owner, quoted in John Ardagh,
France in the New Century
(London: Penguin, 2000), 182.

103
. Jean-Pierre Ponssard,
Stock Options and Performance-Based Pay in France
, U.S.-France Analysis Series (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, March 2001); Jean-Baptiste Jacquin and Franck Dedieu, “Stock-Options: la France championne d'Europe,”
L'Expansion
, 13 September 2001, 92-97.

104
. Goyer,
The Transformation of Corporate Governance
, 2.

105
. Ibid., 3.

106
. Surveys showed that the French public had warmed to rewarding employees with stock options, but deputies in the National Assembly remained uncomfortable with the practice. As Trumbull,
Silicon and the State
, 27, notes, “France's political leaders…were out of touch with France's changing attitudes toward performance-based compensation.”

107
. Survey conducted in 2000-2001; See Mette Zolner, “French E-Managers: A Generation in the Making,”
French Politics, Culture and Society
20 (2002): 33-51.

108
. Jean-Marie Messier, quoted in Martine Orange and Jo Johnson,
The Man Who Tried to Buy the World: Jean-Marie Messier and Vivendi Universal
(New York: Portfolio, 2003), xiii. See also William Emmanuel,
Le Maître des illusions: l'ascension et la chute de Jean-Marie Messier
(Paris: Éditions Economica, 2002).

109
. Messier,
J6M
, 166.

110
. Jean-Marie Messier, quoted in Alan Riding, “Remark by Vivendi Chief Unnerves French Film Industry,”
New York Times
, 24 December 2001, 1.

111
. Daniel Toscan du Plantier, quoted in Mark Landler, “In a French Mogul's Fall, A Warning for Globalists,”
New York Times
, 7 July 2002, 4.

112
. “A French Exception,”
Economist
, 6 July 2002, 12-13.

113
. Jean-Benoit Nadeau and Julie Barlow,
The Story ofFrench
(New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2006), 381; Jim Hoagland, “Attack of the Deux Raviolis,”
Washington Post
, 22 July 1990, C4.

114
. Maurice Druon, quoted in Jack,
French Exception
, 27.

115
. Maurice Druon, quoted in Paul Cohen, “Of Linguistic Jacobinism and Cultural Balkanization: Contemporary French Linguistic Politics in Historical Context,”
French Politics, Culture and Society
18 (2000): 41, n. 6.

116
. Édouard Balladur, quoted in Marlise Simons, “Bar English? French Bicker on Barricades,”
New York Times
, 15 March 1994, A 1.

117
. Balladur,
Le Pouvoir
, 196.

118
. Lionel Jospin, quoted in Gordon and Meunier,
French Challenge
, 58.

119
. Hubert Védrine with Dominique Moïsi,
France in an Age of Globalization
, trans. Philip Gordon (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001), 21-22.

120
. Ardagh,
France in the New Century
, 704.

121
. Alan Riding, “A bas l'Anglais!”
New York Times
, 11 July 1992, 3.

122
. Jacques Toubon, quoted in Marcel Machill, “Background to French Language Policy and Its Impact on the Media,”
European Journal of Communication
2 (1997): 494.

123
. Yves Berger, “La langue aux abois,”
Le Monde des débats
, May 1994, 24; Bernard Cassin, “Parler français ou la ‘langue des maîtres,'”
Le Monde diplomatique
, April 1994, 32; Bertrand Poirot-Delpech, “Défense et illustration du français,”
Le Monde
, 17 April 1994, 22.

124
. Simons, “Bar English?” Ai.

125
. Stella and Joël de Rosnay, “Honni soit qui mal y pense,”
Libération
, 4 March 1994, 6.

126
. Jack,
French Exception
, 36-37.

127
. Jacques Toubon, quoted in “Well, Excuse Moi!”
Wall Street Journal
, 24 February 1994, A12.

128
. Jacques Toubon, “Tempest in a Demitasse,”
New York Times
, 4 April 1994, A15.

129
. Lionel Jospin, quoted in Gordon and Meunier,
French Challenge
, 58.

130
. “After Babel, a New Common Language,”
Economist
, 7 August 2004, 42.

131
. Ardagh,
France in the New Century
, 705.

132
. The reasons for using English were to associate products with globalization, superior technology, or an American lifestyle and to attract attention or add humor. See Elizabeth Martin, “Cultural Images and Different Varieties of English in French Television Commercials,”
English Today
72 (2002): 8-20.

133
. Denis Ager,
Identity, Security and Image: France and Language
(Cleveden, England: Multilingual Matters, 1999), 110-11. Those who objected to American influence on language rose slightly during the 1980s and ‘90s but at 34 percent was much less than that recorded in other areas of culture like television or the cinema. SOFRES and French-American Foundation,
France-Etats-Unis: regards croisés
, June 2000, 17-18.

134
. “Babel Runs Backwards,”
Economist
, 1 January 2005, 63.

135
. Jack,
French Exception
, 43.

136
. Some 97 percent chose English; Sandrine Blanchard and Stéphanie Le Bars, “L'hégémonie de l'anglais,”
Le Monde
, 28 February 2000, 8.

137
. “English Is Still on the March,”
Economist
, 24 February 2001, 50.

138
. Data compiled by the Centre National de la Cinématographie, reported in Jacques Buob, “Culture: l'assaut américain,”
L'Express
, 7-13 October 1993, 73.

139
. See the data collected by the Centre National de la Cinématographie in Patrick Messerlin, “La politique française du cinéma: ‘l'arbre, le maire et la médiathèque,'”
Commentaire
71 (1995): 595; and Centre National de la cinématographie,
CNCInfo
276 (May 2000): 5.

140
. See the issue of
L'Express
, 7-13 October 1993, 70-88; and “La guéguerre des étoiles,”
Le Nouvel Observateur
, 23-29 September 1993, 62-63.

141
. Joseph Hanania, “Fleeing a Fallow France for Greener U.S. Pastures,”
New York Times
, 22 October 1995, H14.

142
. Vincent Malle, quoted in Paul Chutkow, “Who Will Control the Soul of French Cinema?”
New York Times
, 9 August 1992, 22.

143
. Bernard Weintraub, “Directors Battle over GATT's Final Cut and Print,”
New York Times
, 12 December 1993, 25. For the increase in American programs on television see David Looseley,
The Politics of Fun: Cultural Policy and Debate in Contemporary France
(Oxford: Berg, 1997), 204-7.

144
. For these negotiations, see Kerry Segrave,
American Television Abroad: Hollywood's Attempt to Dominate World Television
(Jefferson, NC : McFarland, 1998), 208-11; Laurent Burin des Roziers,
Du cinéma au multimédia: une brève histoire de l'exception culturelle
(Paris: Institut français des relations internationales, 1998); David Puttnam,
The Undeclared War: The Struggle for Control of the World's Film Industry
(London: HarperCollins, 1997), 339-44.

145
. Alan Riding, “Paris Seeks to Rally Support,”
New York Times
, 19 October 1993, A3.

146
. Jacques Toubon, “Laisser respirer nos âmes,”
Le Monde
, 1 October 1993, 1-2; Louise Stroud, “France and EU Policy-Making on Visual Culture,” in
France in Focus: Film and National Identity
, ed. Elizabeth Ezra and Sue Harris (Oxford: Berg, 2000), 61-75.

147
. François Mitterrand, quoted in Buob, “Culture: l'assaut américain,” 71. See also Jean-Pierre Péroncel-Hugoz, “Les créations de l'esprit…de simples marchandises,”
Le Monde
, 19 October 1993, 9.

148
. Bertrand Tavernier, quoted in Jonathan Buchsbaum, “The
Exception Culturelle
is Dead,”
Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media
47 (2006): 9; Alain Corneau, quoted in Alan Riding, “French Film Industry Circles the Wagons,”
New York Times
, 18 September 1993, 11.

149
. Nicolas Seydoux, quoted in Buob, “Culture: l'assaut américain,” 74.

150
. Frank Price, quoted in Weintraub, “Directors Battle,” 25.

151
. Jack Valenti, quoted in Keith Bradsher, “Big Cut in Tariffs: Movies, TV…,”
New York Times
, 15 December 1993, Ai.

152
. Jack Valenti, quoted in Segrave,
American Television
, 256.

153
. “GATT: images et culture,”
Le Monde
, 18 September 1993, 1. See also Marin Karmitz, interview with Dominique Simmonnet,
L'Express
, 7-13 October 1993, 84-85.

154
. See the debate between Costa-Gavras and Michael Eisner, “From Magic Kingdom to Media Empire,”
New Perspectives Quarterly
12 (1995): 4-10.

155
. “GATT: images et culture,” 1.

156
. Jack Lang, quoted in “La guéguerre des étoiles,” 63.

157
. Daniel Toscan du Plantier, quoted in Fabienne Pascaud, “Faut-il avoir peur de la culture américaine?”
Télérama
, 6 October 1993, 14.

158
. “Attention au retour de l'anti-américanisme,”
Quotidien de Paris
, 19 October 1991, n.p.

159
. Mario Vargas-Llosa, “De l'exception culturelle française,”
Libération
, 19 October 1993, 6.

160
. Régis Debray, “Y a-t-il une sortie sur l'autoroute? Réponse à Mario Vargas Llosa,”
El País
, 4 November 1993, 15.