The Fall of Carthage (70 page)

Polybius
1.
56.
1-58.
9;
Eryx,
DS24.8

Polybius
1.
20.
6-14.

For
the
early
history
of
Roman
seapower
see
J.
Thiel,
A history
of
Roman sea-power before the Second Punic War
(Amsterdam,
1954),
pp.
3-59;
the
assumption
that
classici
derived
from
classis
or
fleet
see
Thiel
1954),
pp.
33-4,
(J.
Lazenby,
The First Punic War
(London,
1996),
p.
63
takes
a
more
cautious
line);
the
defeat
of
the
Roman
squadron by
the
Tarentines,
Livy
Per.
12,
Appian,
Samnite History 7.
1.
For
a
general
survey
of ancient
naval
warfare
see
W.
Rogers,
Greek and, Roman Naval Warfare
(Maryland, 1964),
esp.
pp.
266-305.

For
the
claims
of
Messala,
see
Ineditum Vaticanum
4.

T.
Shaw
(ed.)
The Trireme Project: Operational Experience 1987-90; Lessons Learnt. Oxbow Monograph 32
(Oxford,
1993);
for
a
brief
summary
of
the
findings
see
L.
Casson,
Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times
(London,
1994),
esp.
pp.
60-77.

For
the
'forty'
see
Casson
(1971),
pp.
50-51,
82-3;
the
'thirties'
see
Athenaeus
5.
203c; also
see
Morrison
(1996),
pp.
1-40,
and
p.
309
for
'tens'
as
largest
ships
recorded
as being
used
in
battle;
Carthaginians
first
to
build
'fours',
Aristode,
Fragment
600; Syracuse
built
first
'five',
Diodorus Siculus
4.
41.
3.

See
Casson
(1971)
pp.
84-5;
Polybius
1.
20.
15.

J.
S.
Morrison
(&
J.
F.
Coates)
Greek and Roman Oared Warships
(Oxbow,
1996), pp.
259-60,
270-72,
and
attempted
reconstruction,
pp.
312-17;
for
the
perceived weakness
of
the
outrigger,
Lazenby
(1996),
p.
65.

The
Athlit
ram,
Casson,
pp.
74,
90-91;
the
Marsala
wreck,
see
L.
Basch
&
H.
Frost, 'Another
Punic
wreck
in
Sicily:
its
ram',
International Journal
of
Nautical Archaeology
4
(1976),
pp.
201-28
&
H.
Frost
et alii, Lilybaeum (Marsala) - The Punic Ship: Final Excavation Report. Notizie Degli Scavi di Antichita Supplemento al vol. 30,1976
(Rome, 1981),
pp.
267-70.

The
dogfight
analogy,
e.g.
Lazenby
(1996),
p.
95,
Shaw
(1993),
p.
99;
for
the
diekplus,
Shaw
(1993),
pp.
99-104.

Innate
conservatism
of
Romans,
see
Thiel
(1954),
pp.
66-7;
'five'
as
shorthand
for 'warship'
noted
by
W.
W.
Tarn,
'The
Fleets
of
the
First
Punic
War',
Journal
of
Hellenic Studies 27
(1907),
pp.
48-60,
esp.
pp.
59-60.
F.
Walbank,
A Historical Commentary on Polybius
1
(Oxford,
1970),
p.
74;
Punic
warship
captured
and
used
as
model,
Polybius
1. 20.
15;
construction
completed
in
sixty
days,
Pliny
Natural History
16.
192,
cf.
Florus 1.
18.
7,
Orosius
4.
7.
8.

H.
Frost,
'The
prefabricated
Punic
Warship'
in
H.
Deviyner
&
E.
Lipinski,
Studia Phoenica X: Punic Wars
(Leuven,
1989),
pp.
127-135,
esp.
pp.
132-4;
'fives'
never
built in
Italy
before,
Polybius
1.
20.
10.

For
a
discussion
see
Thiel
(1954),
pp.
73-8,
Lazenby
(1996),
p.
65.
For
the
census
figures
see
P.
Brunt,
Italian Manpower 225
BC-
A
D
14
(Oxford,
1971),
p.
13,
32;
for
the Samnites
see
Zonaras
8.
11.

Treachery,
Zonaras
8.
10;
Asina,
Pliny,
NH
8.
169.

Polybius
1.
21.
9-11;
garbled
account
of
Mylae
see
Lazenby
(1996),
p.
67,
Tarn (1907),
p.51,
Thiel
(1954),
pp.122-7.

Polybius
1.
22.
3-11;
H.
T.
Wallinga,
The Boarding-Bridge
of
the Romans
(Gravenhage, 1956).
See
also
Thiel
(1954),
pp.
101-28.

DS23.
10.
1.

Polybius
1.
23.
1-10,
Rogers
(1964),
pp.
276-7;
the
corvi,
1.
23.
9-10,
Thiel
(1954), p.
115.

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
12.
2.
25,
the
commentary
including
Mommsen's reconstruction
of
the
text.

Livy
Per.
17.

Hannibal,
Polybius
1.
24.
5-7;
the
Lipari
Islands,
Polybius
1.
25.
1-4,
Zonaras
8.
12.

Polybius
1.
26.
7.

See
Tarn
(1907),
pp.
46,
53;
Thiel
(1954),
pp.
83-96,
esp.
94.

As
for
instance
in
Thiel
(1954),
pp.
119-20,
criticized
by
Lazenby
(1996),
pp.
87-8.

E.g.
G.
K.
Tipps,
The
battle
of
Ecnomus',
Historia
34
(1985).

Line
'thinner',
Polybius
1.
27.
7.

Lazenby
(1996),
pp.
95-6.

Polybius
1.
26.
10-28.
14,
Rogers
(1964),
pp.
278-91.

Polybius
1.
29.
1,
see
Thiel
(1954),
p.
117.

Zonaras
8.
14,
Polybius
1.
36.
11.