The Fall of Carthage (71 page)

Numbers,
DS
23.
18.
1,
Orosius
4.
9.
8,
Eutropius
22.
3.
For
doubts
about
the numbers
see
Tarn
(1907),
p.
53,
Thiel
(1954),
p.
94.
On
the
corvus
see
Thiel
(1954), pp.
235-6,
Lazenby
(1996),
p.
112.
Roman
reliance
on
bia
y
Polybius
1.
37.
7-10.

Polybius
1.
38.
5-10.

Polybius
1.
39.
6.

Polybius
1.
39.
8,15;
Lilybaeum,
1.
41.
3-i;
Hannibal,
1.
44.
1-7,
46.
1-3.

Polybius
1.46.
4-47.
3.

Polybius
1.
47.
3-10.

Livy,
Per.
19,
Cicero,
de natura deorum 2.
7,
Florus
1.
19.
29,
Suetonius
Tiberius 2.

Drepana,
Polybius
1.
49.
3-51.
12,
Rogers
(1964),
pp.
296-9;
the
trial
see
N. Rosenstein,
Imperatores Victi
(Berkeley,
1990),
pp.
35-6,
43,
79-80,
84-5,184-5.

Polybius
1.
52.
4-54.
8,
Zonaras
8.
15;
the
lemboi,
Polybius
1.
53.
9.

Raiding
of
Africa,
Zonaras
8.
16;
census
figures
Brunt
(1971),
pp.
26-33;
for
265-264 Eutropius
2.
18,
252-251
Livy
Per.
18,
247-246
Livy
Per.
19;
Claudia
see
Livy
Per.
19, Suetonius,
Tiberius
2.3,
Aulus
Gellius,
Noctes Atticae
10.
6.

Polybius
1.
59.
7-8.

Inability
of
smaller
ships
to
damage
a
'five'
Polybius
15.
1.
3-2.
15,
Livy
30.
25.
1-10; Morrison
&
Coates
(1996),
pp.
271-2,
285-91.

Livy
Per.
19.

See
Lazenby
(1996),
pp.
153-4.

Aegates
Islands,
Polybius
1.
59.
8-61.
8;
losses
DS 24.
11.
1-2,
and
Rogers
(1964), pp.
301-3.

See
Frost
(1989),
p.
128;
dispute
between
Roman
commanders,
Valerius
Maximus
2.
8.
2.

Polybius
1.
62.
1-2.

Note
Polybius'
comments
on
the
higher
quality
of
Roman
marines
out-balancing
the Carthaginians'
superior
skills
of
seamanship,
6.
52.
8-9.

Diodorus Siculus24.
13.
1.
Livy
21.
41.
6-7
implies
that
even
so
Hamilcar's
soldiers were
ransomed
at
18
denarii
a
head.

T.
Cornell,
The Beginnings
of
Rome
(London,
1995),
pp.
188-9.

Polybius
1.
62.
1-9,
3.
27.
2-6.
For
a
sli
ghtly
different
version
see
Zonaras
8.
17.

See
J.
Rich,
'The
Origins
of
the
Second
Punic
War',
in
T.
Cornell,
B.
Rankov
&
P. Sabin,
The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal
(London,
1996),
pp.
1-37,
esp.
pp.
23-4 with
further
references.

See
G.
Rickman,
The Corn Supply
of
Ancient Rome
(Oxford,
1980),
pp.
12-13,
32-3,
37.

See
J.
Lazenby,
The First Punic War
(London,
1996),
pp.
168-170
on
the
passivity
of the
Carthaginians
during
the
war.

Zonaras
8.
16.

For
office
holding
in
the
period
see
T.
Broughton,
The Magistrates
of
the Roman Republic
(New
York,
1951).
In
the
two
decades
from
284
to
265,
eleven
of
the
consuls
elected were
holding
the
office
for
the
second
time.
In
241-222
only
seven
men
held
office
for a
second
time.
On
Caiatanus
see
Livy
Per.
19,
see
also
Lazenby
(1996),
pp.
137,
141.

G.
Picard
&
C.
Picard,
Carthage
(London,
1987),
p.
194.

See
N.
Rosenstein,
Imperatores Victi
(Berkeley,
1990),
pp.
35-6,
43,
79-80,
184-5,
and Lazenby
(1996),
pp.
136-7.

Polybius'
account
of
the
Mercenary
War,
1.
66.1-88.
7.

Polybius
1.
77.
5,
2.
7.6-11.

Polybius
1.
83.
5-11;
Appian
The Punic WarsS.

Polybius
1.
83.
2-4.

Polybius
1.
83.
11.

S.
Dyson,
The Creation
of
the Roman Frontier
(Princeton,
1985),
p.
246.

Polybius
1.
88.
8-12,
3.
28.
1-4.

See
Dyson
(1985),
pp.
239-51.

Zonaras
8.
18.

DS25.
10.
4,
19.
1.

Polybius
3.
13.
3-5.

See
Picard
&
Picard
(1987),
pp.
202-203,
222-229.

Polybius
criticizes
Fabius
Pictor
for
representing
the
Barcids
as
opposed
by
the
majority of
Carthage's
elite,
3.
8.
1-11.
Livy
represents
Hanno
as
leader
of
the
faction
opposed to
the
Barcids,
e.g.
21.
3.
1-4.
1,
10.
1-11.
2.
Zonaras
8.
17
claims
Hamilcar
went
to Spain
contrary
to
the
wishes
of
the
Punic
leaders.
DS
25.
8.
1
says
Hamilcar
won support
of
people
by
demagoguery
and
was
voted
an
unlimited
command
in
Spain.
See also
Nepos,
Hamilcar
3.