The Edward Snowden Affair (54 page)

³⁹
   RT. “White House denounces Amash amendment as dismantling of NSA.”
RT
. July 24, 2013.
http://rt.com/usa/white-house-amash-nsa-531/
.

⁴⁰
   Grim, Ryan and Matt Sledge. “NSA’s Keith Alexander Calls Emergency Private Briefing To Lobby Against Justin Amash Amendment Curtailing Its Power.”
The Huffington Post
. July 23, 2013.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/23/keith-alexander-justin-amash_n_3639329.html
.

⁴¹
   Cf. 7.36

⁴²
   The Guardian. “Amash amendment: the full roll call.”
The Guardian
. July 24, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/25/amash-amendment-full-roll-call
.

⁴³
   Govtrack. “H.Amdt. 413 (Amash) to H.R. 2397.”
GovTrack.us
. July 24, 2013.
http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/113-2013/h412
.

⁴⁴
   Weisman, Jonathan. “House Defeats Effort to Rein In N.S.A. Data Gathering.”
The New York Times
. July 24, 2013.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/25/us/politics/house-defeats-effort-to-rein-in-nsa-data-gathering.html?pagewanted=all
.

⁴⁵
   Maplight. “H. Amdt. 413.”
MapLight
. July 24, 2013.
http://maplight.org/us-congress/bill/113-hr-2397/1742215/contributions-by-vote?sort=asc&order=%24%20From%20Interest%20Groups%3Cbr%20%2F%3EThat%20Opposed&party[D]=D&party[R]=R&party[I]=I&vote[AYE]=AYE&vote[NOE]=NOE&vote[NV]=NV&voted_with[with]=with&voted_with[not-with]=not-with&state=&custom_from=01%2F01%2F2011&custom_to=12%2F31%2F2012&all_pols=1&uid=44999&interests-support=&interests-oppose=D2000-D3000-D5000-D9000-D4000-D0000-D6000&from=01-01-2011&to=12-31-2012&source=pacs-nonpacs&campaign=congressional
.

⁴⁶
   The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations. “H.R. 2397–TheFiscal Year 2014 Defense Appropriations Act.”
The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations
. July 24, 2013.
http://appropriations.house.gov/uploadedfiles/07.24.13_fy14_defense_bill_-_floor_adopted_amendments.pdf
.

⁴⁷
   The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations. “House Approves Fiscal Year 2014 Defense Appropriations Bill.”
The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations
. July 24, 2013.
http://appropriations.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=343918
.

⁴⁸
   Howerton, Jason. “A Different Amendment Restricting NSA Spying Was Passed Overwhelmingly by the House – But ‘No One Is Talking About It.’”
Yahoo
. July 25, 2013.
http://news.yahoo.com/different-amendment-restricting-nsa-spying-passed-overwhelmingly-house-170036854.html
.

⁴⁹
   Freire, J.P. “Pompeo Offers Amendment To Clarify NSA Programs.”
Official website of U.S. Representative Mike Pompeo
. July 24, 2013.
http://pompeo.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=343908
.

⁵⁰
   Congress.gov. “H.Amdt.412 to H.R.2397.”
Congress. gov
. July 24, 2013.
http://beta.congress.gov/amendment/113th-congress/house-amendment/412
.

C
HAPTER
8

¹
     Snowden, Edward. “An Open Letter to the People of Brazil.” Folha de S.
Paulo
. December 16, 2013.
http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/world/2013/12/1386296-an-open-letter-to-the-peopleof-brazil.shtml
.

²
     Hopkins, Nick and Julian Borger. “NSA pays £100m in secret funding for GCHQ.”
The Guardian
. Aug. 1, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/uknews/2013/aug/01/nsa-paid-gchq-spying-edward-snowden
.

³
     Baker, Al and William Rashbaum. “Police Find Car Bomb in Times Square.”
The New York Times
. May 1, 2010.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/02/nyregion/02timessquare.html
.

⁴
     Hopkins, Nick, et al. “GCHQ: inside the top secret world of Britain’s biggest spy agency.”
The Guardian
. Aug. 1, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/02/gchq-spy-agency-nsasnowden
.

⁵
     Andrews, Wilson and Todd Lindeman. “$52.6 billion: The Black Budget.”
The Washington Post
. Aug. 29, 2013.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/national/black-budget/
.

⁶
     Goetz, John and Jan Lukas Strozyk. “Geheimdienste nutzen Firmendienste.”
Tagesschau.de
. Aug. 1, 2013.
http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/geheimdienste114.html
.

⁷
     Goetz, John and Frederik Obermaier. “Snowden enthüllt Namen der spähenden Telekomfirmen.”
Sueddeutsche
. Aug. 2, 2013.
http://www.sueddeutsche.de/digital/internet-ueberwachung-snowdenenthuellt-namen-der-spaehenden-telekomfirmen-1.1736791
.

⁸
     Greenwald, Glenn, et al. “A carta em que o embaixador americano no Brasil agradece o apoio da NSA.”
Epoca
. Aug. 2, 2013.
http://epoca.globo.com/tempo/noticia/2013/08/carta-em-que-o-atualbembaixadorb-americano-no-brasil-bagradece-o-apoio-da-nsab.html
.

⁹
     Gude, Hubert, et al. “Mass Data: Transfers from Germany Aid US Surveillance.”
Der Spiegel
. Aug. 5, 2013.
http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/german-intelligence-sends-massive-amounts-ofdata-to-the-nsa-a-914821.html
.

¹⁰
   Duhigg, Charles. “How Companies Learn Your Secrets.”
The New York Times
. Feb. 16, 2012.
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/magazine/shopping-habits.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2&hp&
.

¹¹
   Ball, James. “NSA’s Prism surveillance program: how it works and what it can do.”
The Guardian
. June 8, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/08/nsa-prism-server-collection-facebook-google
.

¹²
   Timberg, Tim. “The NSA slide you haven’t seen.”
The Washington Post
. July 10, 2013.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/the-nsa-slide-you-havent-seen/2013/07/10/32801426-e8e6-11e2-aa9fc03a72e2d342_story.html
.

¹³
   Cf. 8.12

¹⁴
   Fantastico. “NSA Documents Show United States Spied Brazilian Oil Giant.”
OGlobo
. Sept. 9, 2013.
http://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2013/09/nsa-documents-show-united-states-spied-brazilian-oilgiant.html
.

¹⁵
   Greenwald, Glenn. “XKeyscore: NSA tool collects ‘nearly everything a user does on the internet.’”
The Guardian
. July 31, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/nsa-top-secret-programonline-data
.

¹⁶
   Jardin, Xeni. “Lavabit, email service Snowden reportedly used, abruptly shuts down.”
BoingBoing
. Aug. 8, 2013.
http://boingboing.net/2013/08/08/lavabit-email-service-snowden.html
.

¹⁷
   Lavabit. Official Lavabit homepage.
Lavabit
. Oct. 10, 2013.
https://lavabit.com/
.

¹⁸
   Mullin, Joe. “Lavabit’s appeal: We’re actually not required to wiretap our own users.”
Ars Technica
. Oct. 11, 2013.
http://arstechnica.com/techpolicy/2013/10/lavabits-appeal-were-actually-not-required-to-wiretapour-own-users/
.

¹⁹
   Poulsen, Kevin. “Edward Snowden’s Email Provider Shuts Down Amid Secret Court Battle.”
Wired
. Aug. 8, 2013.
http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/08/lavabit-snowden/
.

²⁰
   GlobalPost. “Edward Snowden has applied for asylum in Russia: Russian media (LIVE BLOG).”
Global Post
. July 12, 2013.
http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/russia/130712/edward-snowden-meeting-moscow-airport
.

²¹
   Rushe, Dominic. “Lavabit reopens temporarily to allow customers to retrieve information.”
The Guardian
. Oct. 15, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/15/lavabit-reopenstemporarily-customers-information
.

²²
   Rushe, Dominic. “Lavabit founder: ‘My own tax dollars are being used to spy on me.’”
The Guardian
. Aug. 22, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/22/lavabit-founder-ussurveillance-snowden
.

²³
   Levison, Ladar. “The Story Continues.” Rally.org.
https://rally.org/lavabit
.

²⁴
   Ball, James and Spencer Ackerman. “NSA loophole allows warrantless search for US citizens’ emails and phone calls.”
The Guardian
. Aug. 9, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/09/nsa-loopholewarrantless-searches-email-calls#
.

²⁵
   Feinstein, Dianne. “FAA Sunsets Extension Act of 2012.”
Federation of American Scientists
. June 7, 2012.
http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2012_rpt/faa-extend.html
.

²⁶
   Wyden, Ron and Mark Udall. Letter from Senators Ron Wyden and Mark Udall to General Keith Alexander.
Scribd
. June 24, 2013.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/149791921/Wyden-and-Udall-Letter-to-GeneralAlexander-on-NSA-s-Section-702-Fact-Sheet-Inaccuracy
.

²⁷
   National Security Agency. National Security Agency Section 702 of FISA and Section 215 of PATRIOT Act Fact Sheets.
Scribd
. Dec. 16, 2013.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/149791922/National-Security-Agency-Section702-of-FISA-and-Section-215-of-PATRIOT-Act-Fact-Sheets
.

²⁸
   Lazare, Sarah. “NSA ‘Disappears’ Its Own Fact Sheet on Spying Program.”
Common Dreams
. June 26, 2013.
https://www.commondreams.org/headline/2013/06/26-3
.

²⁹
   Nakashima, Ellen. “Obama administration had restrictions on NSA reversed in 2011.”
The Washington Post
. Sept. 7, 2013.
http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-09-07/world/41852332_1_obamaadministration-americans-search-authority
.

³⁰
   Ackerman, Spencer. “NSA surveillance: the long fight to close backdoor into US communications.”
The Guardian
. Aug. 9, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/09/senator-ron-wyden-markudall-nsa
.

³¹
   Poitras, Laura, et al. “Ally and Target: US Intelligence Watches Germany Closely.”
Der Spiegel
. Aug. 12, 2013.
http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/germany-is-a-both-a-partner-to-and-a-target-ofnsa-surveillance-a-916029.html
.

³²
   Poitras, Laura, et al. “Codename ‘Apalachee’: How America Spies on Europe and the UN.”
Der Spiegel
. Aug. 26, 2013.
http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/secret-nsa-documents-show-howthe-us-spies-on-europe-and-the-un-a-918625.html
.

³³
   Pilkington, Ed. “FBI directed my attacks on foreign government sites.”
The Guardian
. Nov. 15, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/15/jeremy-hammond-fbi-directed-attacks-foreigngovernment
.

³⁴
   The Washington Post Editorial Board. “Plugging the leaks in the Edward Snowden case.”
The Washington Post
. July 1, 2013.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-to-keep-edward-snowdenfrom-leaking-more-nsa-secrets/2013/07/01/4e8bbe28-e278-11e2-a11ec2ea876a8f30_story.html
.

³⁵
   Greenwald, Glenn. Personal Twitter account.
Twitter
. July 2, 2013.
https://twitter.com/ggreenwald/status/352108900495011840
.

³⁶
   Sirota, David. “Meet the ‘Journalists Against Journalism’ club!”
Salon
. July 2, 2013.
http://www.salon.com/2013/07/02/meet_the_journalists_against_journalism_club/
.

³⁷
   Gellman, Barton. “NSA broke privacy rules thousands of times per year, audit finds.’”
The Washington Post
. Aug. 15, 2013.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-broke-privacyrules-thousands-of-times-per-year-audit-finds/2013/08/15/3310e55405ca-11e3-a07f-49ddc7417125_story.html
.

³⁸
   Gellman, Barton and Matt DeLong. “What to say, and not to say, to ‘our overseers.’”
The Washington Post
. Aug. 15, 2013.
http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/what-to-say-and-not-tosay-to-our-overseers/390/#document/p1/a115520
.

³⁹
   Gellman, Barton and Matt DeLong. “NSA report on privacy violations in the first quarter of 2012.”
The Washington Post
. Aug. 15, 2013.
http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/nsa-report-on-privacyviolations-in-the-first-quarter-of-2012/395/
.

⁴⁰
   Der Spiegel. “’Follow the Money’: NSA Spies on International Payments.”
Der Spiegel
. Sept. 15, 2013.
http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegel-exclusive-nsa-spies-on-international-banktransactions-a-922276.html
.

⁴¹
   Gellman, Barton and Matt DeLong. “First direct evidence of illegal surveillance found by the FISA court.”
The Washington Post
. Aug. 15, 2013.
http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/first-directevidence-of-illegal-surveillance-found-by-the-fisa-court/393/
.

⁴²
   Nakashima, Ellen. “NSA gathered thousands of Americans’ e-mails before court ordered it to revise its tactics.”
The Washington Post
. Aug. 21, 2013.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-gathered-thousands-of-americans-e-mails-before-court-struck-downprogram/2013/08/21/146ba4b6-0a90-11e3-b87c476db8ac34cd_story.html
.