The Downing Street Years (159 page)

Public Sector Borrowing Requirement (PSBR), 31, 42, 50, 95, 126–8, 673–4; arguments about, 52–5, 124, 132–6; errors in predicting, 315–16, 699, 700

public spending, 49–56; Cabinet arguments, 123–9, 147–50; cuts or savings (1983), 315–16; Scottish, 619–20; levels, 676

Pugo, Boris, 802

Pym, Francis
(Defence Secretary 1979–81, Leader HC 1981–82, Foreign Secretary 1982–83):
Chequers lunch, 37; Defence, 123; Leader of House, 131; government information, 131, 149; economic forecast, 149–50; Foreign Secretary, 186–7; War Cabinet, 188; Haig negotiations, 192, 196, 199, 200, 204, 205–8, 210–11; Falklands, 193, 214; US/Peruvian peace plan, 217, 220; Falklands final proposals, 222, 224; Trident, 246; NATO, 249; election campaign (1983), 293, 294; return to backbenches, 306–7; Centre Forward, 416

Qaboos bin Said, Sultan, 163

Qatar, MT’s visit (1981), 164

QE2
, 215, 228

Quayle, Dan
(US Vice-President 1981–93)
, 782, 820

Question Time
, 294

Rabin, Yitzhak
(Israeli Prime Minister
1
974–77, 1992-), 511

Rajk, Laszlo, 454

Rakowski, Mieczyslaw, 779

Ramphal, Sir Sonny
(Commonwealth
Secretary-General 1975–90)
, 76, 517

Rand Afrikaans University speech (1991), 599n

Rapid Deployment Force (RDF), 162

Rapier Air Defence Systems, 246

Rashid bin Said al-Maktum, Sheik, 163

rate-capping, 284, 644

rates, 644–5, 650–1

Rate Support Grant, 646

Ravenscraig steel works, 361–2, 622

Rayner, Sir Derek
(Prime Minister’s Adviser on Efficiency in Government 1979–83)
, 30–1

Reagan, Nancy, 160, 470, 770

Reagan, Ronald
(US President 1981–89):
informality, 69, 164; election, 88, 156–7; MT’s relationship, 157–60, 165–6, 232, 324–5, 332–3, 435, 469, 587, 774, 820; G7, 164–5, 171, 299–301, 738;

Falklands, 179–80, 201–2, 211–12, 217, 220–1, 230–2; London visit (1982), 233, 258; Trident, 246–8; SDI, 247, 450, 462, 463–9, 470–1, 776, 782, 818; defence policies, 249, 768; European attitudes to, 251–2; Polish crisis, 253–5; G7 Versailles summit, 257–8; ‘Reagan Doctrine’ speech, 258; Autocue, 258; ‘dual key’ question, 268; INF
negotiations, 26g-70, 470; supporters, 298; MT’s visit (1983), 322–5; Reaganomics, 322, 739; Grenada invasion, 330–1, 332; Westland affair, 435; British public opinion, 437; bombing of Libya, 443–9; letter to Brezhnev, 455, 462; Geneva meeting with Gorbachev, 470; Reykjavik, 470–2; attitude to Japan, 498; IDU, 500; South Africa sanctions, 515, 520; exchange rates, 694; MT’s visit (1987), 770–1; Irangate, 770; INF treaty (1987), 771, 774; Washington summit with Gorbachev (1987), 774; NATO Brussels summit (1988), 775; Moscow visit (1988), 776; London visit (1988), 776–7; achievements, 813

recession, 51, 52, 55, 92, 119, 123, 676, 678

Red Book, 96

Redwood, John
(Head of Prime Minister’s Policy Unit 1983–85)
, 438n

Reece, Gordon, 286–7, 658, 841

Rees, Peter
(Chief Secretary 1983–85)
, 419–20, 649

Rees-Mogg, William, Lord, 636

Regan, Donald, 15g Regional Health Authorities (RHAs), 608n

regulation, 6, 7

RENAMO, 527–8

Renton, Tim
(Chief Whip 1989–90)
, 835, 846, 847–8

Renwick, Sir Robin
(British Ambassador to South Africa 1987–91)
, 522, 531

research funding, 639

reshuffles,
see
Cabinet

Resource Allocation Working Party (RAWP), 616

Retail Price Index (RPI), 43, 134, 654, 658, 659, 724, 831

Revenue Support Grant, 657

Reykjavik summit, 465, 470–2, 473, 482

Rhodesia, 64, 71, 72–8, 91

Ridley, Adam, 283

Ridley, Nicholas
(Transport Secretary 1983–85, Environment Secretary 1986–89, Trade and Industry Secretary 1989–90):
Foreign Office, 27, 29; Falklands discussions, 175–6; Transport, 312; miners’ strike (1984–5), 346; Environment, 563, 589, 651; speeches, 567; election campaign (1987), 570, 571, 577, 582; housing reforms, 571, 601, 606; painting, 632; Thyssen Collection, 633; housing and the environment, 638; community charge, 651–2, 653, 655–6; water privatization, 682; EMU question, 716, 726; possible Chancellor, 717; ERM approach, 722–3; resignation, 722; suitability as successor to MT, 755; DTI, 756, 758; leadership election (1990), 851

Rifkind, Malcolm
(Scottish Secretary
1986–90):
Scottish Secretary, 433, 620–3; Gorbachev visit, 460; Botha visit, 514; South Africa seminar, 515; community charge, 652, 655; leadership election campaign (1990), 852

Right Approach, The
, 14

Right Approach to the Economy, The
, 14, 94

riots: urban (1981), 143–7; community charge (1990), 661

Roberts, Alfred (MT’s father), 11, 23, 37

Robilliard, Joy, 22, 858

Robinson, Derek, 116, 117

Rocard, Michel
(French Prime Minister
1988–91)
, 738

Rogers, General Bernard
(Supreme Allied
Commander in Europe 1979–87)
, 240

Rolls-Royce, 116, 678

Romania, fall of Ceauşescu, 790

Romanov, Grigory, 453

Rome, Treaty of, 546, 547, 549–50, 554

Rome Airport terrorists, 441–2

Roosevelt, Franklin D.
(US President
1933–45)
, 236

Rossi, Hugh, 423

Rothschild, Victor, Lord, 563, 646–7

Rover Group, 679–80,
see also
British Leyland Royal Academy, 633

Royal Air Force (RAF), 250

Royal Navy, 250, 251

Royal Society, 640

Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 57–8, 397, 401, 411

Russian Orthodox Church, 478–9

Ryan, Father Patrick, 413–14, 746

Ryder, Caroline
(née
Stephens) 25, 297

Ryder, Richard: Downing St arrival, 24; election campaign (1983), 297; budget seminar (1990), 675; leadership election campaign (1989), 830; leadership election campaign (1990), 850, 854, 860

Ryder Plan, 115

Ryzhkov, Nikolai
(Soviet Prime Minister)
, 483, 802, 804, 809

Saatchi & Saatchi, 295, 570, 585

Sadat, Anwar, 508

Sakharov, Andrei, 452, 475, 480

Saltley Coke Depot picketing (1972), 112, 340, 345

SALT II, 65, 245

Salvation Army, 627

Sanderson, Russell, Lord, 623

Sands, Bobby, 391

Santer, Jacques, 552

satellite broadcasting, 635, 638

Saudi Arabia: MT’s visit (1981), 162; Gulf crisis (1990), 818, 820–2

savings ratio (1988–9), 674

Scargill, Arthur: presidency of NUM, 140, 143, 340, 341; response to 1983 election, 339; Saltley pickets, 340; miners’ strike (1984–5), 349–52, 354–5, 360, 363–6, 373–6; fined for contempt, 368; Libyan connection, 351, 369

Scarman, Lord, 143, 144

Schild family, 83

Schluter, Poul
(Danish Prime Minister 1982–93)
, 731, 740, 751

Schmidt, Helmut
(German Chancellor 1979–82):
visit (1979), 34–5; EC, 61–2, 79, 83–4, 552; G7, 67–70, 165, 257; visit (1980), 83; ERM question, 83, 692; Falklands, 191; nuclear policy, 240–2, 245, 246, 249, 258–9, 771; achievements, 813

Scholey, Bob, 112

schools,
see
education, grant-maintained

Schools Examination and Assessment Council, 594

science, 639–41

Scoon, Sir Paul, 330

Scotland: housing policy, 602, 621, 623; Health Boards, 608n; Thatcherism rebuffed, 618–24; rate revaluations, 645, 647; community charge, 651, 652, 653, 655; electricity industry, 682; Church of, 704

Scotland Act, 36

Scottish Conservative Conferences, 35–6, 221, 291, 561–2, 576, 704

Scowcroft, General Brent, 788, 820

Seccombe, Dame Joan, 582

Selsdon Group, 154

Selsdon Man, 13

Shackleton, Lord, 175

Shah, Eddie, 348

Shakespeare, William, 106

Shamir, Yitzhak
(Israeli Prime Minister 1983–84, 1986–92)
, 510–12

Shcherbitsky, Vladimir, 802

Sheffield
, HMS, 216–17

Shelton, Bill, 830

Shenfield, Arthur, 6

Sherbourne, Stephen: election campaign (1983), 291; MT-Tebbit meetings, 564; Strategy Group, 565; MT’s speeches, 567; manifesto (1987), 572–3; election campaign (1987), 579, 586–7, 588

Sherman, Alfred, 133

Shevardnadze, Eduard
(Soviet Foreign Minister 1985–90)
, 773

Shrimsley, Tony, 285, 287

Shultz, George
(US Secretary of State
1982–89)
, 256, 333, 461, 468, 473, 783

Sidewinder missiles, 226, 227

Sihanouk, Prince, 506

Sikorsky, 426–31, 436

Silkin, John, 296

Silkin, Sam, 98

Singapore, MT’s visit (1985), 504–5

Single European Act, 555–7, 558, 741

Sinn Fein, 394–5, 397, 401, 406, 408, 412

Sir Galahad
, 233

Sirs, Bill, 103, 109, 111–12

Sir Tristram
, 233

Skinner, Dennis, 859

SLADE, 98, 102

Smith, Adam, 291, 618

Smith, Hector, 111

Smith, Ian, 72

Soames, Christopher, Lord
(Leader HL
1979–81)
, 27, 77–8, 79, 151

Soames, Mary, 78

Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), 387, 391, 394–5, 400, 403–4, 410

Social Democratic Party (SDP), 153, 264–5, 274, 298, 573–4

socialism: democratic, 6–7; debilitating effects, 9; appearance and reality, 12; Labour Party, 265, 566; ingrained, 306; failure, 625; reversal of, 687; Poland, 779

Socialist Workers Party, 293

social security benefits, 49, 55, 127

society, ‘no such thing’, 626

Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT), 119

Soeharto, Thojib N.J., 503

SOGAT, 113

Solidarity, 156, 252, 777–82, 789

Solzhenitzyn, Alexander, 290, 452, 813

South Africa: political issue, 78, 91, 487, 512–13; British relationship, 160, 512–13; sporting relations, 166; sanctions, 166, 515–16, 517–19, 532, 534; Commonwealth relations, 502–3, 512, 516–19, 520–4, 530–1; Botha’s Chequers visit, 514–15; debt repayment freeze, 515; Chequers seminar, 515–16; ‘Eminent Persons Group’, 518–19; changes, 522, 531–2; Namibia, 528–9; leadership, 529; MT’s visit, 533

Southall riots (1981), 143–4

Southern Thule, 176

South Georgia, 174, 177, 179, 196, 201, 204–5, 208–9, 219

South Sandwich Islands, 174, 176

South-West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO), 529

Sovietologists, 451, 474

Soviet Union: growing threat, 9; Iron Lady title, 65; Kosygin discussions, 65–6; Afghanistan invasion, 65, 69, 87–8; military spending, 238; nuclear capability, 239; Brezhnev’s arms reduction proposals, 242; West Siberian Gas Pipeline, 253–6; South Korean Airliner, 321, 322, 324, 450; US arms talks, 323–4, 453, 461,
see also
SALT; NUM support, 369; East-West relations, 450–3, 769;
refuseniks
, 460, 476, 484, 510; GALOSH, 465; Gorbachev leadership, 469–70, 768; Reykjavik, 470–2;
perestroika
, 475, 773, 803–4; MT’s visit (1987), 478–85; Baltic States, 767, 801; reforms, 768–9, 790, 800–1; INF treaty (1987), 771, 773, 774, 784; Reagan’s visit (1988), 776; German reunification, 790, 792, 798; MT’s visit (1989), 792; political situation (1989–90), 800–4; MT’s visit (1990), 804–7; Gulf crisis, 819, 826–7;
see also
Brezhnev, Gorbachev

Spain: US bombing of Libya, 446; EC membership, 545–6; economy, 668; Gibraltar discussions, 746

Special Air Service (SAS), 90, 205, 222

Special Boat Service, 222

Speed, Keith, 190, 250

Spicer, Michael, 285, 604, 605

Sri Lanka, MT’s visit (1985), 503–4

Stalin, Joseph, 459, 475, 483, 801

Stalker-Sampson Report, 409

START Agreement, 773, 774–5, 776

statism, 6–7

Steel, David
(Leader Liberal Party 1976–88)
, 222, 573–4, 578

steel strike (1980), 108–14

Stepping Stones group, 42

sterling,
see
MONETARY POLICY

Stevas, Norman St John
(Leader HC 1979–81)
, 130, 446–7

Stewart, Ian, 515

Stock Exchange, 311

Stock Market collapse (1987), 700, 710

Stormont, 386

Stowe, Sir Kenneth
(Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister 1975–9, Permanent Secretary NIO 1979–81, then DHSS 1981–87)
, 18, 25

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty,
see
SALT

Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI), 247, 450, 462, 463–71, 776, 782, 818

Strategy Group, 565–6

Streator, Ed, 192

strikes: effects on PSBR, 53; steel, 54, 104–7; supplementary benefit, 55; problem, 92; engineering industry (1979), 98, 101; steel (1980), 108–14; civil service, 139; public sector, 274–5; NHS (1982), 275; water (1982), 275; miners (1984–5), 306, 344–78; coal (1926–7), 340; miners (1973–4), 340; dock (1984), 355–7, 361–2; reduction, 669

student loans, 598

Suez (1956), 8, 173, 437

Sukarno, Achmad, 8

Sunday Telegraph
, 596, 840

Sunday Times
, 132, 368, 840

Sununu, John
(US Chief of Staff 1989–91)
, 820

supplementary benefit, 55

‘supply side’ reforms, 669, 672

Suzuki, Zenko
(Japanese Prime Minister 1980–82)
, 232

Syria: Lebanon policy, 326–7, 334; El Al Heathrow bomb, 510; Gulf crisis, 823–4

Takeshita, Noboru
(Japanese Prime Minister 1987–89)
, 499

Tamworth manifesto, 281

Taraki, Nur Muhammed, 87

Tax and Price Index (TPI), 43n

taxation: government approaches, 6, 7; Conservative policies, 7; VAT increases (1979), 42–3, (1991), 667; income tax cuts (1979), 43, (1986), 673, (1988), 673; tax allowances, 43; income tax policy, 136, 271, 570; husband and wife, 279, 570; Labour’s manifesto (1987), 579; mortgage tax relief, 600, 671, 672, 674; hypothecated (NHS), 610; private health insurance tax relief proposals, 610, 612–13; child care tax relief proposals, 630–1; local government finance proposals, 648–9; reform, 672; Lawson’s reforms, 672–5;
see also
VAT