The Downing Street Years (153 page)

balance of payments deficit (1988–9), 706

Balfour, Arthur
(Conservative Prime Minister
1902–
5)
, 5

Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD), 464–5, 467

ballots, trade union, 99, 274, 276, 284, 572, 669

Ballygawley bomb (1988), 411

Baltic States, 767, 801

Bancroft, Sir Ian
(Permanent Secretary Civil
Service Department and Head Home Civil
Service 1978–81)
, 47–8

Banda, Dr Hastings
(President of Malawi
1966-)
, 527–8

Bank of England: ‘corset’, 125; Polish crisis, 254; Westland, 426; Hong Kong currency, 489–90; ERM question, 691, 695; exchange rate intervention, 702; Lawson’s proposals, 706–7

bankruptcies, 52

Barnett, Joel, Lord, 637

Basnett, David, 372

BBC: pay levels, 102; Falklands reporting, 181, 214; unilateralism, 267; Milltown Cemetery film, 408; election results forecast (1987), 588; licence fee, 634–7; advertising question, 636; independent producers, 636, 638

Begin, Menachem
(Israeli Prime Minister
1977–83)
, 510n

Begun, Iosif, 484

Beirut bombings (1983), 327–8

Belgium, cruise missiles, 241, 243

Belgrano, see General Belgrano

Belize, British presence, 248

Bell, Tim: election campaign (1983), 287–8; miners’ strike (1984–5), 354; election campaign (1987), 570, 585; community charge discussions, 658; leadership election campaign (1990), 841

Belstead, Lord, 851

benefits,
see
social security benefits

Berlin disco bomb (1986), 443

Berlin Wall, 263, 759, 789, 793

Berrill, Sir Kenneth, 30

Berry, Sir Anthony, 381

Beswick, Lord, 108

Biffen, John
(Chief Secretary 1979–81, Trade
Secretary 1981–82, Leader HC 1982–87):
Chief Secretary to Treasury, 26; public spending cuts, 50; BL, 117; MTFS attitude, 130; Trade, 131; Leader of House, 187; relationship with Howe, 420; quoted, 422, 440, 589; BL, 440; leaves Cabinet, 589

‘Big Bang’, 311

bill mountain, 695, 696

Birmingham Six, 409

Birt, John, 637

Bishop, Maurice
(Prime Minister of Grenada
1979–83)
, 166, 328–9

Bismarck, Otto von, 791

Blackhawk helicopters, 428

Black Monday, 700, 710

Bluff Cove, 226, 233

Boomibol, King of Thailand, 506

Botha, P.W. (
South African Prime Minister 1978–84, State President 1084–89)
, 514–15, 520, 522, 529

Botha, R.F. (‘Pik’) (
South African Foreign
Minister 1977-)
, 514, 529, 532

Boundary Commission, 286

Brandt Commission, 169

Bretton Woods system, 703

Brezhnev, Leonid (
Soviet General Secretary
1964–82):
invasion of Afghanistan, 88; arms control proposals (1981), 159, (1979), 241–2; SALT II Agreement, 245; ‘Brezhnev Doctrine’, 258, 790; cartoon, 324; rise of Gorbachev, 453; Reagan correspondence, 455, 462; era, 458

Brighton Grand Hotel bomb (1984), 368, 371, 379–83, 399, 414

Brilliant
, HMS, 225

Bristow, Alan, 425–6

British Aerospace (BAe), 428, 433, 678, 679–80

British Airways, 283, 678, 679

British Antarctic Survey, 180, 640

British Association of Colliery Managers (BACM), 366

British Gas, 284, 681–2

British Leyland (BL): steel supplies, 101, 112; Edwardes Chairmanship, 114; Corporate Plan, 115–17, 118–19, 120–1; industrial relations, 117–18, 119–20; Wakeham involvement, 311; privatization, 284, 419, 437–41, 678; Varley-Marshall assurances, 438, 679; Rover Group, 679–80

British Medical Association (BMA), 616–17

British Museum, 632

British Nationality Bill, 161, 260

British Petroleum (BP), 50, 316

British Rail (BR), 347, 353, 686–7

British Rail Hotels, 678

British Shipbuilders, 284, 678

British Steel Corporation (BSC): coal supplies, 101; strike (1980), 103, 108–14; costs, 127; privatization programme, 283–4, 678, 679; Ravenscraig steel works, 361–2, 622; miners’ strike (1984–5), 342, 347, 353; dock strikes (1984), 355, 361

British Telecom (BT), 283, 306, 678, 680–1

Britoil, 678

Brittan, Leon (
Chief Secretary 1981–83, Home
Secretary 1983–85, Trade and Industry
Secretary 1985–86, Vice-President EC
Commission 1989-):
Chief Secretary, 131, 309; Home Secretary, 307–8, 418; ‘end-year flexibility’ suggestion, 317; miners’ strike (1984–5), 345–6; Party Conference (1984), 368; Brighton bomb (1984), 381; DTI, 419, 426; Westland affair, 426–36; BL, 438–9; broadcasting, 646; attitude to ERM, 693, 710

Brittan, Samuel, 138

Britto, Keith, 266

Brixton riots (1981), 143–4

broadcasting, 634–8

Broadcasting Act (1989), 636

Broadcasting Standards Council, 636–7

Brogan, Colm, 12

Brooke, Peter (
Conservative Party Chairman 1987–89, Northern Ireland Secretary ’989–92)
, 414, 749, 756, 852

Brown, Harold, 246

Brownlow, Lord, 23

Bruges speech (1988), 742–6, 749, 755, 833

Buckton, Ray, 372

budgets: (1979), 41–5, 50; (1980), 55, 95–6; (1981), 132–9; (1982), 270–1; (1983), 271; (1984), 673, 694; (1985), 673; (1986), 673; (1987), 673; (1988), 673–4; (1989), 674–5; (1990). 622, 675

Bukovsky, Vladimir, 452, 480, 813

Bundesbank, 690, 696, 720, 740, 763, 814

Burke, Edmund, 26, 753, 859

Burnet, Sir Alastair, 291

Burnham, Forbes (
Prime Minister then President of Guyana 1964–85)
, 167

Bush, Barbara, 845

Bush, George
(US Vice-President 1981–89, President 1989–93):
Hungarian visit, 455; nuclear talks, 473; G7, 754, 763–4; relationship with MT, 754, 782–3, 793, 794, 820; Presidential election (1988), 768; administration, 782–4; German reunification, 793, 794, 795, 798–9; attitude to Yeltsin, 804; MT Bermuda meeting (1990), 810; NATO discussions, 810–11; achievements, 813; Kuwait invasion response, 816–21; Gulf War build-up, 823–4, 826; CSCE Conference (1990), 842, 845; MT’s resignation, 857

Buthelezi, Chief Gatsha, 532, 533

Butler, Sir Michael, 720n Butler, R.A., 6n, 12, 43

Butler, Robin (
Prime Minister’s Principal Private Secretary 1982–85, Cabinet Secretary and Head Home Civil Service 1988-)
, 289, 379, 380, 458, 633

Butskellism, 6

by-elections: Crosby (1981), 153; ‘Falklands factor’, 265; Glasgow Hillhead (1982), 266; Beaconsfield (1982), 266; Mitcham and Morden (1982), 266; Peckham (1982), 266; Birmingham (Northfield) (1982), 266; Bermondsey, 266 (1983); Darlington, 266 (1983); MT’s role, 266–7; Cardiff possibility (1983), 289; Brecon and Radnor (1985), 416–17; Mid-Staffordshire (1990), 658; Eastbourne (1990), 832; Bootle (1990), 838; Bradford North (1990), 838

Byelorussia, 801–2

Cabinet, 25–9; confidentiality, 33; public spending arguments, 123–8; reshuffle (January 1981), 130–1; further dissent, 147–50; reshuffle (September 1981), 150–3; reshuffle (1985), 418–23; reshuffle (1986), 562–3; reshuffle (1989), 754–8; changes after Howe’s resignation (1990), 835; leadership election (1990), 850–5

Cable and Wireless, 678

cable television, 635

Cairns Group, 739

Callaghan, James
(Labour Prime Minister 1976–79):
government defeat, 3–4; election campaign (1979), 10, 288; election defeat, 17–18; Policy Unit, 30n; relationship with Schmidt, 35; leadership resignation, 41; Falklands, 190; election campaign (1983), 296; civil service pay, 417

Camden, London Borough of, 646

Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), 267, 293, 424

Campaign Guide
, 286

Camp David, MT’s visit (1984), 466–8; MT’s visit (1986), 472–3

Canada: MT’s visit (1983), 320–2; Constitution, 320; South African sanctions issue, 523

Canberra
, 189, 225

Cancún, ‘North-South’ summit, 167, 168–70, 754

capital punishment, 307, 308, 315

CARICOM, 328

Carlisle, Mark
(Education Secretary 1979–81)
, 151

Carlton Club bomb (1990), 414

Carlton Lecture (1984), 370

Carrington, Peter, Lord
(Foreign Secretary 1979–82):
Foreign Secretary, 27; Rhodesia, 73, 74, 76–7; EC budget, 85–6; Iran-Iraq war, 91; Cabinet reshuffle, 151; US visit (1981), 158; Falklands, 178–9, 185; resignation, 185–6; Defence Review, 249, 250; Polish crisis, 252, 253; attitude to EMS, 692; MT retirement suggestion, 832

Carter, Amy, 68

Carter, Jimmy
(US President 1977–81):
G7, 68, 71; MT’s assessment, 68–9; Rhodesia, 73; Iran hostage crisis, 86, 88, 156, 825; MT’s visit, 86–7; Afghanistan, 87–8; US economy, 123, 693; neutron bomb, 241; NATO, 242; Trident, 245–6, 248

Carter, Rosalynn, 68

Cartledge, Sir Brian
(Ambassador to USSR 1985–88)
, 37, 470

Casaroli, Cardinal, 230

cash planning, 137

Castro, Fidel, 329

Catholic Church, 390, 392, 778, 779

Catto, Henry, 817

Cavaco Silva, Anibal
(Portuguese Prime Minister 1985-)
, 752

Ceauşescu, Nicolae
(President of Romania
1967–89)
, 790

Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB): coal stocks (1981), 142; coal stocks (1984), 341, 343; miners’ strike (1984–5), 347, 350, 353, 358–9, 373; oil- fired power stations, 341, 350; nuclear-powered stations, 341; privatization issues, 682–4

Central Office, 287, 288–9, 291, 421, 574

Central Policy Review Staff (CPRS), 30, 118, 277–8

Centre for Policy Studies, 14

Centre Forward, 416

Challenger
tanks, 825, 828

Channel 4, 635, 636, 637

Channel Tunnel, 345

Channon, Paul
(Trade and Industry Secretary
1986–87, Transport Secretary 1987–89):
DTI, 437, 639; BL, 437, 440–1; Gorbachev meeting, 460; South Africa discussions, 515; leaves Cabinet, 756

Chatham, William Pitt, ist Earl, 10

Chatham dockyard, 251

Chelsea Barracks bomb (1981), 393

Cheltenham speech (1990), 661–2

Cheney, Dick
(US Secretary for Defense
1989–93)
, 818, 821

Chequers, 21, 36–7, 860–1

Chernenko, Konstantin
(Soviet General
Secretary 1984–85)
, 458, 459, 461, 469, 546

Chernobyl nuclear disaster, 498

Chevaline, 244, 245

Cheysson, Claude
(French Minister for
External Relations 1981–84)
, 542

child: abuse, 626, 627; care, 630–1; benefit, 631

Child Support Act (1991), 630

China: MT’s visit (1982), 259–62, 488; Hong Kong sovereignty, 259–62; role, 487; Hong Kong negotiations, 488–95; Tiananmen Square massacre, 494

Chirac, Jacques
(French Prime Minister
1
974–76, 1986–88)
, 729–31, 734–7

Chissano, Joaquim, 527

Chope, Chris, 855

Church of England, 31

Church of Scotland, 704

churches: attitude to education reforms, 593; hostels for young people, 627

Churchill, Winston
(Conservative Prime
Minister 1940–5, 1951–5)
, 23, 193, 468, 481, 483, 829, 851

Cities Policy Group, 282

City Technology Colleges, 592, 593

Civil Contingencies Unit, 356

civil service: interventionist policy, 6; relationship with new government, 18; recruitment freeze, 32; reform, 45–9; strike (1981), 139; pay increase for top civil servants, 417

Civil Service College, 47

Civil Service Commission, 47

Civil Service Department (CSD), 47–8

Civil Service Pay Research Unit, 45

Clark, Alan, 853

Clark, Joe
(Canadian Prime Minister
1979–80)
, 68

Clarke, Kenneth
(Chancellor of the Duchy
1987–88, Health Secretary 1988–90
,
Education Secretary 1990–92):
Cabinet position, 418; election campaign (1987), 584; Health, 614; Education, 614; Health review, 614–16, 756; suitability as successor to MT, 755; Education, 835; leadership election (1990), 852

Clegg, Hugh, 32

Clegg Commission, 32, 44, 44–5

closed shop, 98, 99, 272–3, 275, 669

clothes, MT’s, 80, 162, 164, 458, 575–6, 779. 845

coal industry: dispute (1981), 139–43; pit closure programme, 139–41, 342–3, 344. 357. 377. 686; overtime ban (1983), 342; coal stocks (1983), 343–4; miners’ strike (1984–5), 344–78; coal stocks (1984), 358; electricity privatization, 684, 685; privatization plans, 685–6;
see also
National Coal Board, National Union of Mineworkers

Cockfield, Arthur, Lord
(Trade Secretary 1982–83, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1983–84, Vice-President European Commission 1985–88)
, 547

Coggan, Donald, Archbishop, 31

Cold War, 170–1, 450, 769, 799

Coleman, Professor Alice, 605

COMECON, 457

Common Agricultural Policy,
see
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

Commonwealth Games, Edinburgh, 520- 1

Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings (CHOGMs):

Lusaka (1979), 52, 67, 71, 73–6, 523

Melbourne (1981), 164, 166–7

New Delhi (1983), 332, 491

Nassau (1985), 504, 515, 516–19, 520, 521

London (Special Conference 1986), 520–4

Vancouver (1987), 522–4, 700

Kuala Lumpur (1989), 502, 530–1, 715, 716

communism: Eastern European collapse, 789–90; Soviet Union, 801;
see also
Marxism, socialism

Communist Party, 295

community charge: Baker’s role, 420, 650–1, 652; Ridley’s role, 563; Patten’s role, 602, 656–8; abolition, 642; defects of rating system, 642–7; origins, 647–51; Chequers seminar, 647–9; dual running, 650–2; abandonment of dual running, 651–5; preparing for introduction, 655–8; political crisis, 658–63; Trafalgar Square riot, 661; capping, 663–7; Heseltine and, 666–7; leadership election campaign (1990), 848–9