The Downing Street Years (154 page)

Community Housing Trusts, 605

Community Land Act, 39

Confederation of British Industry (CBI): Heath plans, 7; price controls, 39; trade union reform, 99, 104–5; MT’s relationship, 130, 271; Industrial Trends Survey, 149; Scottish, 621

Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE): preparations for summit (1990), 764; role, 796, 799–800, 805; summit (1990), 802, 836, 842–3; German reunification, 814

Congdon, Professor Tim, 696

Conqueror
, HMS, 214–15

Conquest, Robert, 451, 452

consensus, 167

Conservative Party: Shadow Cabinet, 4, 13n, 14–15; policies, 6–7, 276–80; general election (1979), 17; Conference (1979), 54, 101; Conference (1980), 122; Central Council, 138, 477; Conference (1981), 153–5; funding, 275; general election manifesto (1983), 281–5, 305–6; Conference (1984), 365, 367–8, 379–83; problem issues, 560, 564; Conference (1986), 566–9, 571; general election manifesto (1987), 570–5; Scottish antipathy, 619; Scottish, 621; 892 Conference (1989), 714; leadership election (1989), 830; Conference (1990), 831; leadership question, 832; leadership election (1990), 840–55, 860–1

Conservative Research Department, 12, 282–3, 286, 291, 567, 859

Conservative Trade Unionists (CTU), 101

Contingency Reserve, 49

Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) negotiations, 788, 799–800, 842

Cortonwood colliery, 344

Cossiga, Francesco
(Italian Prime Minister 1979–80, President 1985–92)
, 82–3, 84, 241, 246

Costa Mendez, Nicanor
(Argentinian Foreign Minister 1981–82)
, 193, 197, 199

Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (CATE), 598

Coventry
, HMS, 227, 228

Cradock, Sir Percy
(British Ambassador to Peking 1978–83, Prime Minister’s Foreign Policy Adviser 1984–92)
, 473, 492

Crawford, Cynthia (‘Crawfie’): Downing St arrival, 25; Brighton bomb (1984), 380–1; MT’s clothes, 575–6; MT’s toothache, 584; Lawson resignation, 716; leadership election, 843; Downing St departure, 858, 861; Chequers departure, 860

Craxi, Bettino
(Italian Prime Minister 1983–7
). 549–51

crime,
see
law and order

Criminal Justice Act (1988), 628

Cropper, Peter, 283, 287

cruise (and Pershing) missiles: deployment decision (1979), 156, 241, 243, 245, 300; deployment significance, 171; US development, 240; ‘dual track’ approach, 240; European attitudes to deployment, 241, 243–4, 258–9, 269, 318, 323, 335; opposition to deployment, 267–9, 332, 335; ‘dual key’ question’, 268, 332; deployment preparations, 450; Soviet response to deployment, 453; defence strategy, 472; INF treaty implications, 771–2;
see also
NATO, nuclear weapons Cuba, 158–9, 329

Cuckney, Sir John, 426, 429, 431, 434

current account deficit, 668

curriculum, national, 593–7,
see also
education

Czechoslovakia: Havel Presidency, 789–90; MT’s visit (1990), 808–9

Daily Express
, 103

Daily Mail
, 332, 714

Daily Mirror
, 295

Davies, Edmund, Lord Justice, 32

Davies, John
(Shadow Conservative Foreign
Secretary 1976–78)
, 421

Davy Loewy, 170

Day, Graham
(Chairman BL/Rover 1986–91)
, 679

Day, Sir Robin, 111, 293, 351, 586

Deal Music School bomb (1989), 414

defence: spending, 49, 51, 125, 128, 185, 237, 316; MT’s objectives, 237; political issue, 267–70; unilateralism, 267–8; policy group, 565; troops in Germany, 772;
see also
cruise, NATO, nuclear weapons, Trident

Defence Review (1981), 177, 185, 249–51

de Gaulle, Charles
(French President
1958–69)
, 82, 85, 798, 802, 806, 815

Deidesheim, MT’s visit (1989), 746–8, 786–7

de Klerk, F.W.
(South African State President
1989-
)
, 529, 531–4

de la Billière, Sir Peter
(Commander British
Forces in the Middle East, 1990–1)
, 90, 825–6

Delors, Jacques
(President of EC Commission
1985-):
Finance minister, 338, 547; President of European Commission, 547, 740; EC objectives, 551, 555, 742, 759, 833; Luxemburg Council, 555, 556; Presidential style, 558–9; MT’s relationship, 558, 726, 740; EMU Report, 708, 709, 720, 721, 725, 750; Brittan conversation, 710; CAP, 736; TUC address, 742; Rome European Council, 766–7, 802; Gorbachev meeting, 767

‘demand side’ problems, 668–9

Democracy in Trade Unions
(Green Paper), 275, 284

Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 387, 394

Deng Xiaoping
(Chinese ruler 1977-)
, 260–2, 488–9, 491, 492, 493–4

Denmark: economy, 7; farming subsidies, 731–2; EMU approach, 741

DEPARTMENTS AND MINISTRIES

Agriculture, Ministry of, 729–30

Defence, Ministry of (MOD): overspending (1980), 125; Falklands media management, 230; overspending (1983), 316; Westland affair, 425, 427; ABM Treaty interpretation, 465

Education and Science, Department of (DES), 13, 51, 592, 594, 597

Employment, Department of, 51

Energy, Department of, 141, 350, 685

Environment, Department of the (DoE): housing policy, 602–6, 621; community charge, 648–50, 655, 658, 663

Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO): Falklands position, 175–6, 181–2; qualities, 309; Soviet seminar, 451; nuclear policies, 465; Hong Kong negotiations, 489; European policies, 559; ERM question, 691, 695; Walters currency proposals, 725; Soviet Union break-up, 801

Health, Department of, 614, 617

Health and Social Security, Department of (DHSS), 47, 50, 608–13, 614

Home Office, 628, 634, 636, 638

Industry, Department of, 26, 120

Northern Ireland Office (NIO), 399

Overseas Development Administration (ODA), 525

Scottish Office, 619–23

Social Security, Department of (DSS), 603, 614

Trade and Industry, Department of (DTI): Westland 425, 426, 429, 434; BL, 438; gas privatization, 681; rail privatization study, 687

Transport, Department of, 687, 756

Treasury: forecasts, 51; conduct of monetary policy, 134; public spending cuts, 148; ‘end-year flexibility’, 317; universities, 599; housing reforms, 602; NHS review, 609; attitude to NHS funding proposals, 610, 612, 615–16; child benefit debate, 631; broadcasting franchises, 637; community charge, 655–7, 662, 663; Lawson budget spies, 672; gas privatization, 681; rail privatization study, 687; ERM question, 691–2, 695, 721; exchange rate intervention, 702; inflation paper (1989), 710; Walters currency proposals, 725

dependency culture, 627

deutschmark (DM), 668, 675, 690, 697, 699–705, 722, 763

devaluation, 714

Diego Garcia, 246

Dimbleby, Jonathan, 585

Diplock, Lord, 106

dirty protest, 58, 389, 391

disarmament,
see
nuclear weapons

Disraeli, Benjamin, 37

District Health Authorities (DHAs), 608, 615, 617

divorce, 628, 630

dock strikes (1984), 355–7, 361–2

doctors,
see
British Medical Association, health

Dooge, James, 550

Douglas-Home, Sir Alec
(Conservative Prime
Minister 1963–64)
, 13, 20, 66, 829

Downing Street (No. 10): Policy Unit, 19, 30, 283, 428, 597, 605, 614, 617, 640, 831; Political Office, 19, 21; Press Office, 19; Private Office, 19, 20; staff, 19–20; hours of work, 20; living arrangements, 21; furnishing, 23–4

Druze, 327

Dubai: MT’s visit (1981), 163; MT’s visit (1988), 506–7

du Cann, Sir Edward, 296

Duff, Sir Antony, 76

Duport Steels, 103, 106

Eagleburger, Lawrence, 158

Eastern Europe, 769–70, 789–90

Eaton, Michael, 365

Eban, Abba, 511

E (Cabinet Committee), 39, 274, 394, 429, 639

Economic and Monetary Union (EMU),
see under
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY and MONETARY POLICY

Economist
, 277, 446–7

Economy Policy Group, 565

Eden, Anthony
(Conservative Prime Minister 1955–7)
, 66, 483, 851

Eden, Clarissa, 362

Eden, Sir John, 286

education: importance, 5; assisted places scheme, 39, 591; computers, 271; parent power, 278; vouchers, 278, 279, 578, 591–2, 614, 831; reform programme, 279–80, 306, 590–2; teacher training, 280; curriculum, 280, 570, 590–1, 593–7; Northern Ireland, 386; standards, 562; parental choice, 562, 591; testing, 570, 593–4; funding, 570, 591; open enrolment, 570, 591; grant-maintained schools, 570–1, 578, 592–3, 597; manifesto (1987), 570–1, 578, 590; selection, 578; centres of excellence, 578–9; City Technology Colleges, 592, 593; LMS, 592; national curriculum, 593–7; teacher training, 597–8; universities, 598–9; student loans, 598; Scotland, 620–1

Education Policy Group, 282

Education Reform Act (1988), 591

Edwardes, Sir Michael
(Chairman BL 1977–82)
, 114–20

Edwards, Nicholas
(Welsh Secretary 1979–87), 110
, 565

Efficiency Unit, 30

Egypt, MT’s visit (1985), 508

EH 101 helicopter project, 425, 429

Eisenhower
, USS, 227

Eksund
, 406, 731

elderly people, 606

Election Call
, 587

elections, general: (1979), 4–5, 15, 17; Conservative manifesto (1983), 281–5; campaign planning (1983), 285–9; campaign (1983), 291–304; Conservative manifesto (1987), 569–75; campaign (1987), 576–88;
see also
by-elections
and
European Parliament (
under
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY)

electricity: prices, 52; privatization, 682–4

Elizabeth II, Queen: MT’s audiences with, 17–18, 208, 850, 861; African tour (1979), 74; Falklands War, 180–1, 208; US invasion of Grenada, 330; Australian Bicentennial, 504

El Salvador, 158, 159, 322, 383

Eminent Persons Group (EPG), 518–19, 520

employment: new jobs, 668; labour mobility, 670–1;
see also
unemployment

Employment Acts: (1980), 97–108; (1982), 272–4; (1984), 279; (1988), 669; (1990), 669

Employment Policy Group, 565

Employment Protection Act (1975), 102

EMU,
see
Economic and Monetary Union
under
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
and
MONETARY POLICY

Enders, Thomas, 192

Endurance
, HMS, 177, 178

Energy Act (1983), 682

Engineering Employers’ Federation (EEF), 98

Enniskillen bomb (1987), 406

Enterprise Policy Group, 282

Enterprise Zones, 44, 95

Enthoven, Professor Alain, 607

environment, 638–41; pollution issue, 563, 639

ERM,
see
Exchange Rate Mechanism
under
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
and
MONETARY POLICY

Estate Action programme, 605, 621

European Commission on Human Rights, 391

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

Agriculture Council, 85, 257, 732

budget issues: British contribution, 62–4, 83–6, 91, 257, 537–45; Financial Mechanism, 62; agreement (1980), 78–86; financing, 313–14; discussion (1983), 336–8; deficit (1987), 728

Central Bank proposals, 738, 740–1

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 728–37; Walker’s approach, 28; cost, 62, 336; wastefulness, 62; French approach, 62, 84; German approach, 62, 257. 313, 319, 544; British net contribution, 80, 257, 319; Bruges speech, 745

Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), 690–1; Lawson’s views, 554, 691, 708, 716; Delors Report, 707–8, 720–1, 723, 746, 750; Major’s views, 719; discussions (1990), 719–21; no compromise, 724–6; EC discussions (1988), 740–2, (1989), 759–60, (1990), 763, 765–6

enlargement, 545–8, 769–70

European Bank of Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 759

European Commission: budget settlement pressure, 80; Presidency, 547, 558–9, 740; water policies, 638; ERM, 691; federalist project, 728; rebate mechanism, 729; role, 743

European Councils:

Strasbourg (1979), 61–4, 79

Dublin (1979), 79–82

Luxemburg (1980), 83–5, 388, 390

Venice (1980), 90

Brussels (1982), 178

Stuttgart (1983), 312–14, 319

Athens (1983), 318, 319, 335–8, 537, 538

Brussels (1984), 346, 538–41

Fontainebleau (1984), 541–4, 728, 733

Dublin (1984), 545–6

Brussels (1985), 546–7

Milan (1985), 401, 548–51

Luxemburg (1985), 550, 551, 554–7

Hague (1986), 519, 522

London (1986), 557–9

Brussels (1987), 729–31

Copenhagen (1987), 729, 731–3, 736–7

Brussels (1988), 733, 735–7

Hanover (1988), 409–10, 707–8, 737, 740–1

Rhodes (1988), 746–7, 784–5

Madrid (1989), 710–13, 741, 750–2, 760

Strasbourg (1989), 759–60, 796–7

Dublin (1990), 726, 760–3

Rome (1990), 764–7, 832, 837

European Court of Justice (ECJ), 80, 743

European Currency Unit (ecu), 63; ‘hard’, 720, 741, 750, 762, 765, 833

European Democratic Group (EDG), 749

European Democratic Union (EDU), 500

European Magna Carta, 800, 808, 842

European Monetary Fund proposals, 720, 721, 750

European Monetary System (EMS),
see
Exchange Rate Mechanism

European Parliament: elections (1979), 60, 61; elections (1984), 537, 540; powers, 554; MT’s speech (1986), 558; elections (1989), 711, 748–50, 754

Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM): MT’s attitude, 63, 554; German views, 63, 83, 692; Lawson’s attitude, 554, 566, 691, 693–700, 709–13, 722; Major’s policy, 690; path to EMU, 690–1; discussions (1979–82), 691–3; arguments (1985), 693–8, (1989), 709–14; ‘Madrid conditions’, 712–13, 718, 719, 722, 723; discussion (1990), 719–21; entry of sterling, 721–4

Falklands crisis, Argentina embargo, 190–1, 223, 548

Franco-German axis, 61, 727–8, 759–63, 790, 814–15

Integrated Mediterranean Programmes, 545, 546