The Downing Street Years (157 page)

Labour Party: philosophy, 6; attitude to trade union reform, 40; leadership, 41; EC entry–‘renegotiation’ policy, 62; steel policies, 108, 109; SDP, 153, 265; Falklands policies, 210; Foot leadership, 265, 298; political levy, 274, 275; manifesto drafting, 281; election (1983), 290; manifesto (1983), 290–1, 295; election campaign (1983), 292, 296–7, 301; changes, 298; hard Left, 339; coal nationalization, 340; miners’ strike (1984–5), 359, 360, 362, 367, 374–5; Kinnock leadership, 360; attitude to Prevention of Terrorism Act, 415; opinion poll lead (1985), 416; US bombing of Libya, 446; defence policy, 449, 568, 580; opinion poll lead (1986), 560; public relations, 566; Party Conference (1986), 566, 567, 568; election campaign (1987), 576, 579–80, 583; education testing, 595; health policy, 617; Scottish support, 619; community charge, 661; view of
Labour Party–
cont.
nationalization, 676; opinion poll lead (1990), 832, 836

Lambsdorff, Count Otto von, 68, 69

Lamont, Norman
(Chief Secretary 1989–90)
, 755, 758, 849, 854. 860

Land Rover, 118, 121, 438–9, 441

Landsbergis, Vytautas
(President of Lithuania 1990–92)
, 801

Law, Andrew Bonar
(Conservative Prime Minister 1922–23)
, 34

law and order: spending, 49; urban riots (1981), 143–7; policy group, 282; increased violence, 626, 628; community charge riot (1990), 661;
see also
police

Law Commission, 630

Lawley, Sue, 296

Lawson, Chris, 287

Lawson, Nigel
(Energy Secretary 1981–83, Chancellor of the Exchequer 1983–89)
: MTFS, 96, 151, 309, 566, 688; Energy, 151, 341; Party Conference (1981), 154; Chancellor of Exchequer, 308–9, 418, 693; public spending proposals, 316–17; EC budget, 336; miners’ strike (1984–5), 346; Chief Secretary relationship, 419–20; Westland, 425, 428; BL, 439, 440; Hong Kong negotiations, 489–90; ERM question, 554, 566, 691, 693–700, 709–3, 722, 750; Strategy Group, 565; policy group (1986), 566; speeches, 567; election campaign (1987), 570, 575–6; Health review, 609, 612; broadcasting policies, 636; local government finance, 647; community charge, 649–50, 652, 655, 667; shadowing deutschmark, 668, 675, 690, 697, 699–705, 710, 830; tax reforms, 672–6; relations with MT, 672, 688, 701–4, 705, 713–15, 726, 834; budget (1984), 673, 694; budgets (1985–9), 674–5, 694; gas privatization, 681; Energy Act (1983), 682; electricity privatization, 683, 684; attitude to EMU, 691, 708; resignation threat, 712; resignation, 715–18, 758, 834; suitability as successor to MT, 755; Dorneywood transfer, 757

Lázár, Gyorgy, 455, 457

Leach, Admiral Sir Henry
(Chief of Naval Staff and First Sea Lord 1979–82)
, 179, 251

Leader’s Consultative Committee, 15

leaks, 50, 52, 129–32, 138, 277, 317, 440

Lebanon: crisis (1982–3), 322, 326–8; MNF, 326–8, 334; Beirut bombings (1983), 327–8; US intervention, 333–4; French hostages, 730

Le Carré, John, 362

Lee, Lord, 36

Lee Kuan Yew
(Singapore Prime Minister
1
959–90)
, 74, 491, 505

Leggatt, Andrew, 102

Leigh, Edward, 855

Leigh-Pemberton, Sir Robin
(Governor of the
Bank of England 1983–93)
, 708

Le Marchant, Spenser, 3

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 475

Lennox-Boyd, Alan, Viscount Boyd of Merton, 72, 212

Lennox-Boyd, Mark
(PPS to Prime Minister
1988–90)
, 830

Leutwiler, Fritz, 515

Levene, Sir Peter
(Chief of Defence
Procurement 1985–91)
, 424

Lever, Lord, 113

Lewin, Sir Terence
(Chief of Defence Staff
1979–82)
, 189, 192, 193, 214

Leyland Trucks, 438, 441

Liaison Committee, 149

Liberal Party: opinion polls (1981), 153; Alliance, 264–5; policies, 265, 578; by-election performance (1982–3), 266; supporters, 298, 578; US bombing of Libya, 446; tactics, 574

Libya: London Embassy shooting, 351, 442; NUM connection, 351, 368–9; IRA links, 384, 406, 411, 413; Fiat share ownership, 431; Abu Nidal connection, 442; US sanctions, 442; US naval action, 442; US raid, 443–9, 498, 510, 560, 564

Lilley, Peter
(Trade and Industry Secretary
1
990–92)
, 846, 849, 852, 860

Lithuania, 801, 805

Liverpool Garden Festival, 379

Lloyd George, David
(Liberal Prime Minister
1916–22)
, 34, 36

Lloyds Merchant Bank, 431

Lloyd Webber, Sir Andrew, 580

local education authorities (LEAs), 592, 597

local government: controls, 32, 39; housing, 39, 279, 306, 563, 571, 599–601, 604–5, 671; direct labour organizations, 39; overspending, 123; manifesto proposals (1983), 284; hard Left, 339; propaganda battle, 562; finance (1987 manifesto), 572; education, 592, 597; finance, 642–7; GREAs, 643; rates, 644–7; origins of community charge, 647–51; competitive tendering, 651; spending increase (1990), 658; elections (1990), 662, 664; county councils, 663

Local Government Act (1988), 651

Local Management of Schools (LMS), 592, 593

London boroughs, 646, 650

López-Portillo, José
(President of Mexico
1976–82)
, 169, 210, 218

Lord Mayor’s Banquet: MT’s speech (1984), 370; MT’s speech (1990), 838

Lord’s Taverners reception (1990), 835

lottery proposals, 610n

Louis Jnr, J.J.
(US Ambassador to Britain
1981–83)
, 331

Louvre Accord (1987), 699, 783

Lubbers, Ruud
(Dutch Prime Minister 1982-):
MT’s visit (1983), 318–19; CAP, 733, 735–7; Commission Presidency, 740; GATT issues, 766; German reunification, 797; CSCE summit, 843

Luce, Richard, 179, 186, 330

Lygo, Sir Raymond, 433–4

Lynch, Jack
(Irish Prime Minister 1966–73
,
1977–79)
, 57–8

Lynk, Roy, 686

Maastricht Treaty (1991), 314, 720, 723

McAlpine, Alistair
(Conservative Party Hon.
Treasurer 1975–90)
, 37, 382, 414, 569, 841

Macfarlane, Neil, 279

McFarlane, Robert (
US envoy to the Middle
East 1983, National Security Adviser
1983–85), 467

McGibbon, Mrs (working miner’s wife), 365

MacGregor, Ian
(Chairman BSC 1980–83, NCB 1983–86):
BSC, 114, 342; NCB, 342; pit closure plans, 343, 344; miners’ strike, 352, 354, 360–1, 363–4, 366, 377

MacGregor, John
(Chief Secretary 1985–87, Agriculture Secretary 1987–89, Education Secretary 1989–90, Leader HC 1990–92):
Chief Secretary to Treasury, 420; manifesto (1987), 571–2; Education, 596–7, 756, 758; community charge, 666; Leader of the House, 835; leadership election campaign (1990), 846, 847–8, 854; MT’s resignation, 856

Machel, Samora, 77, 514

Mackay, James
(Lord Chancellor 1987-)
, 851, 857

McLean, Muriel, 383

Macmillan, Harold
(Conservative Prime
Minister 1957–63):
government, 13, 20; leadership style, 37, 66; Falklands advice, 188; critical of miners’ strike handling, 370; Polaris agreement, 517

McNee, Sir David
(Commissioner Metropolitan
Police 1977–82)
, 145

MacShane
case, 100, 102–3, 105, 106

Maekawa, Haruo, 498

Maginnis, Ken, 406, 411

Magnox power stations, 685

Maguire, Frank, 3

Mahathir Bin Mohamad, Dr, 502, 530–1

Major, John
(Chief Secretary 1987–89, Foreign Secretary 1989, Chancellor 1989–90, Prime Minister 1990-):
Whips’ Office, 422; DHSS junior minister, 422–3; Foreign Secretary, 530, 757; Kuala Lumpur (1989), 530–1; Health review, 609; health funding proposals (‘top- slicing’), 612; budget (1990), 622, 675–6; community charge, 655–6, 659–60, 664, 666; monetary policy, 690; EMU question, 716, 720–1, 724–6; Chancellor of Exchequer, 717–19, 758; ERM approach, 719–20; ERM entry, 722–3; suitability as successor to MT, 755, 757, 831–2; leadership election campaign (1990). 840, 844, 847, 850–4, 856, 858, 860–1; MT’s resignation, 856

Malawi, MT’s visit (1989), 527–8

Malaysia, MT’s visit (1985), 502

Manchester
, HMS, 506–7

Mandela, Nelson
(Vice-President ANC
1989–91
President 1991-)
, 514, 520, 531–4

Manifesto Committee, 571–2

Manley, Michael
(Jamaican Prime Minister 1972–80, 1989–92)
, 76

Manpower Services Commission (MSC), 31, 421

Maritime Exclusion Zone (MEZ), 190, 209

Marjai, Jozsef, 454

Marks and Spencer, 31

Marsh, Lord, 113

Marshall, Sir Walter
(Chairman, CEGB
1982–89)
, 358–9, 683–4, 685

Martens, Wilfried
(Belgian Prime Minister
1
979–81, 1981–85, 1985–92)
, 241, 413–14, 729, 746

Marxism, 265, 339, 370–1, 801

Mates, Michael, 653

Maude, Angus
(Paymaster General 1979–81):
Cabinet post, 29; trade union reform, 104; leaves Cabinet, 131; election campaign (1983), 286

Maude, Francis, 851–2, 860

Maxwell, Robert, 362, 372

Mayhew, Sir Patrick
(Solicitor General
1983–87, Attorney General 1987–92)
, 431, 434, 822

Maze Prison, 388, 389–92

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz
(Polish Prime Minister
1
989–90)
, 799

MBB, 428

Meciar, Vladimir, 808

Medium Term Financial Strategy (MTFS): origins and aims, 96–7; Lawson’s role, 96, 309, 566, 688; money supply target exceeded, 125; Biffen’s views, 130; PSBR, 132, 673; £M3 problems, 694

Mercury, 680

Metal Box, 112

Metropolitan County Councils, 284, 305

Meyer, Sir Anthony, 830

Middle East,
see under individual countries, also
Arab-Israeli dispute, Gulf

Millar, Ronnie, 122, 292, 382, 379, 586

Mill Hill bomb (1988), 410

Mindszenty, Cardinal, 454, 813

miners’ strike (1984–5), 344–78,
see also
coal industry, National Coal Board, National Union of Mineworkers

Miners’ Wives Back to Work Campaign, 364

Minford, Professor Patrick, 138

Minimum Lending Rate (MLR),
see
interest rates
under
MONETARY POLICY

Mitterrand, François
(French President 1981-):
EC, 61, 337–8, 537–44, 546, 552, 736–7, 751, 760–1, 763, 766–7; G7, 164, 256–7, 300, 738, 754; Falklands, 182, 223, 227, 232, 548; Lebanon, 334; attitude to Libya, 442; hospitality, 476; Soviet policy, 476–7; Moscow visit, 540, 542; Fontainebleau European Council, 541–4, 733; socialist policies, 547; MT’s relationship, 557, 730, 733, 753; French elections (1988), 731, 734; London visit (1988), 734; MT’s visit (1988), 737; IGC deadlines, 751–2; EBRD, 759; Franco-German axis, 790; German reunification concerns, 793, 796–8; achievements, 813; Gulf crisis, 819; CSCE summit (1990), 843, 845

Moi, Daniel Arap
(President of Kenya 1978-)
, 524–5

Moiseev, Marshal Mikhail, 805

Molesworth, 243

Molotov, Vyacheslav, 483

Molyneaux, James
(Leader Ulster Unionist Party 1979-)
, 404, 406, 857

Monde, Le
, 753

monetarism,
see
MONETARY POLICY monetary compensation amounts (MCAs), 336

MONETARY POLICY

Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) 690–1; Lawson’s views, 554, 69, 7091, 708, 716; Delors Report, 707–8, 720–1, 723, 746, 750; Major’s views, 719; discussions (1990), 719–21; no compromise, 724–6; EC discussions (1988), 740–2; EC discussions (1989), 759–60; EC discussions (1990), 763, 765–6

European Currency Unit (ecu), 63; ‘hard’, 720, 741, 750, 762, 765, 833

European Monetary System (EMS), 63, 554, 691

exchange controls, abolition, 44, 741

exchange rate, 93, 272, 688–90, 694, 701, 705

Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM): MT’s attitude, 63, 554; German views, 63, 83, 692; Lawson’s attitude, 554, 566, 691, 693–700, 709–13, 722; Major’s policy, 690; path to EMU, 690–1; discussions (1979–82), 691–3; arguments (1985), 693–8; arguments (1989), 709–14; ‘Madrid conditions’, 712–13, 718, 719, 722, 723; discussion (1990), 719–21; entry of sterling, 721–4

interest rates: US, 165, 693; mortgages, 315, 698; influences, 673; controlling inflation, 690; under Major, 690; MT’s attitude, 698–9; Lawson’s attitude, 698–9, 701; nominal and real, 699n; German, 707, 714, 814; by year -

(1979), 42, 53, 54

(1980), 129

(1981), 137, 148, 153- 165, 693

(1982), 271–2

(1983). 315

(1985), 694

(1986), 698–9

(1988), 702, 705, 706, 713n

(1989), 707, 713n, 714, 718, 830

(1990), 718–19, 724, 831

Lawson budgets, 672–5

monetarism, 96–7n, 123, 688–90

monetary base, 126, 133–4

money supply, 96–7, 125–6, 272, 688–90

£M3, 96, 125–6, 134, 694–6

M3, 694

M0, 694, 699, 706

sterling: strength, 42, 126, 133–4; ERM question, 63, 83; exchange rate effects, 689; petro-currency, 692; speculative pressure, 694, 695; cost of defending, 696–7, 702; ERM entry, 721–4

Monopolies and Mergers Commission, 40, 343, 682

Moore, Charles, 840

Moore, Henry, 24, 557

Moore, Major-General Jeremy
(Commander of Falklands Land Forces)
, 189, 232

Moore, John
(Transport Secretary 1986–87, Health and Social Security Secretary 1987–88, Social Security Secretary 1988–89):
Transport, 563; young people policy group, 566; election campaign (1987), 584; DHSS, 589; Health review, 608–14; illness, 608–14, 756; DSS, 614; gas privatization, 681; leaves Cabinet,
756, 758; leadership election campaign (1990), 840–1, 847, 849

Moore, Sir Philip, 18

Morning Star
, 350, 365

Moro, Aldo, 83

Morocco, MT’s visit (1989), 526

Morrison, Sir Peter
(PPS to the Prime
Minister 1990)
, 572, 836–7, 840–1, 843–7, 856

mortgage: interest rates, 315, 698; tax relief, 600, 671, 672, 674