The Crimean War (83 page)
Authors: Orlando Figes
Tags: #History, #Military, #General, #Europe, #Other, #Russia & the Former Soviet Union, #Crimean War; 1853-1856
63
Boniface,
Campagnes de Crimée
, p. 235.
Campagnes de Crimée
, p. 235.
64
Kinglake,
Invasion of the Crimea
, vol. 8, pp. 161–2.
Invasion of the Crimea
, vol. 8, pp. 161–2.
65
A. Massie,
The National Army Museum Book of the Crimean War: The Untold Stories
(London, 2004), pp. 199–200.
The National Army Museum Book of the Crimean War: The Untold Stories
(London, 2004), pp. 199–200.
66
T. Gowing,
A Soldier’s Experience: A Voice from the Ranks
(London, 1885), p. 115; Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, pp. 282–6;
A Visit to Sebastopol
, pp. 31–2.
A Soldier’s Experience: A Voice from the Ranks
(London, 1885), p. 115; Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, pp. 282–6;
A Visit to Sebastopol
, pp. 31–2.
67
NAM 1966–01–2 (Scott letter, 22 June 1855); NAM 1962–10–94–2 (Alexander letter, 24 June 1855).
68
Luguez,
Crimée-Italie
, pp. 47–9.
Crimée-Italie
, pp. 47–9.
69
NAM 1968–07–287–2 (Raglan to Panmure, 19 June 1855); NAM 1963–05–162 (Dr Smith to Kinglake, 2 July 1877).
CHAPTER 11. THE FALL OF SEVASTOPOL
1
E. Boniface, Count de Castellane,
Campagnes de Crimée, d’Italie, d’Afrique, de Chine et de Syrie, 1849–1862
(Paris, 1898), p. 247.
Campagnes de Crimée, d’Italie, d’Afrique, de Chine et de Syrie, 1849–1862
(Paris, 1898), p. 247.
2
A. Maude,
The Life of Tolstoy: First Fifty Years
(London, 1908), p. 119.
The Life of Tolstoy: First Fifty Years
(London, 1908), p. 119.
3
NAM 1984–09–31–129 (Letter, 9 July 1855); NAM 1989–03–47–6 (Ridley letter, 11 Aug. 1855).
4
A. de Damas,
Souvenirs religieux et militaires de la Crimée
(Paris, 1857), pp. 84–6.
Souvenirs religieux et militaires de la Crimée
(Paris, 1857), pp. 84–6.
5
L. Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie
(Paris, 1869), p. 282; J. Cler,
Reminiscences of an Officer of Zouaves
(New York, 1860), pp. 231–2; C. Mismer,
Souvenirs d’un dragon de l’armée de Crimée
(Paris, 1887), p. 117.
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie
(Paris, 1869), p. 282; J. Cler,
Reminiscences of an Officer of Zouaves
(New York, 1860), pp. 231–2; C. Mismer,
Souvenirs d’un dragon de l’armée de Crimée
(Paris, 1887), p. 117.
6
H. Loizillon,
La Campagne de Crimée: Lettres écrites de Crimée par le capitaine d’état-major Henri Loizillon à sa famille
(Paris, 1895), pp. x–xi, 116–17.
La Campagne de Crimée: Lettres écrites de Crimée par le capitaine d’état-major Henri Loizillon à sa famille
(Paris, 1895), pp. x–xi, 116–17.
7
J. Baudens,
La Guerre de Crimée: Les campements, les abris, les ambulances, les hôpitaux, etc.
(Paris, 1858), pp. 113–15; G. Guthrie,
Commentaries on the Surgery of the War in Portugal … with Additions Relating to Those in the Crimea
(Philadelphia, 1862), p. 646.
La Guerre de Crimée: Les campements, les abris, les ambulances, les hôpitaux, etc.
(Paris, 1858), pp. 113–15; G. Guthrie,
Commentaries on the Surgery of the War in Portugal … with Additions Relating to Those in the Crimea
(Philadelphia, 1862), p. 646.
8
Kh. Giubbenet,
Ocherk meditsinskoi i gospital’noi chasti russkih voisk v Krymu v 1854–1856 gg
. (St Petersburg, 1870), pp. 143–4.
Ocherk meditsinskoi i gospital’noi chasti russkih voisk v Krymu v 1854–1856 gg
. (St Petersburg, 1870), pp. 143–4.
9
Ibid., pp. 10, 13, 88–90; RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1856, 12 Mar.
10
M. Vrochenskii,
Sevastopol’skii razgrom: Vospominaniia uchastnika slavnoi oborony Sevastopolia
(Kiev, 1893), pp. 164–9; W. Baumgart,
The Crimean War, 1853–1856
(London, 1999), p. 159.
Sevastopol’skii razgrom: Vospominaniia uchastnika slavnoi oborony Sevastopolia
(Kiev, 1893), pp. 164–9; W. Baumgart,
The Crimean War, 1853–1856
(London, 1999), p. 159.
11
E. Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 2, p. 328.
Krymskaia voina
, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 2, p. 328.
12
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5732, 1. 28; E. Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia artilleriiskogo ofitsera v semi tetradakh
(St Petersburg, 1858), pp. 244–5; L. Tolstoy,
The Sebastopol Sketches
, trans. D. McDuff (London, 1986), p. 139.
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia artilleriiskogo ofitsera v semi tetradakh
(St Petersburg, 1858), pp. 244–5; L. Tolstoy,
The Sebastopol Sketches
, trans. D. McDuff (London, 1986), p. 139.
13
RGVIA, f. 9196, op. 4, sv. 2, d. 1, ch. 2, 11. 1–124; f. 9198, op. 6/264, sv. 15, d. 2/2, ll. 104, 112; f. 484, op. 1, d. 264, ll. 1–14; d. 291, ll. 1–10; Boniface,
Campagnes de Crimée
, p. 267; Loizillon,
La Campagne de Crimée
, pp. 105, 139; H. Clifford,
Letters and Sketches from the Crimea
(London, 1956), p. 249.
Campagnes de Crimée
, p. 267; Loizillon,
La Campagne de Crimée
, pp. 105, 139; H. Clifford,
Letters and Sketches from the Crimea
(London, 1956), p. 249.
14
A. Seaton,
The Crimean War: A Russian Chronicle
(London, 1977), p. 195.
The Crimean War: A Russian Chronicle
(London, 1977), p. 195.
15
Ibid., p. 196.
16
A. Khrushchev,
Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 1889), pp. 120–22; Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, pp. 344–7; Seaton,
The Crimean War
, p. 197.
Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 1889), pp. 120–22; Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, pp. 344–7; Seaton,
The Crimean War
, p. 197.
17
M. O. Cullet,
Un régiment de ligne pendant la guerre d’orient: Notes et souvenirs d’un officier d’infanterie 1854–1855–1856
(Lyon, 1894), pp. 199–203; Seaton,
The Crimean War
, p. 202; D. Stolypin,
Iz lichnyh vospominanii o krymskoi voineiozemledel’cheskih poryadkakh
(Moscow, 1874), pp. 12–16; I. Krasovskii,
Iz vospominanii o voine 1853–56
(Moscow, 1874); P. Jaeger,
Le mura di Sebastopoli: Gli italiani in Crimea 1855–56
(Milan, 1991), pp. 306–9.
Un régiment de ligne pendant la guerre d’orient: Notes et souvenirs d’un officier d’infanterie 1854–1855–1856
(Lyon, 1894), pp. 199–203; Seaton,
The Crimean War
, p. 202; D. Stolypin,
Iz lichnyh vospominanii o krymskoi voineiozemledel’cheskih poryadkakh
(Moscow, 1874), pp. 12–16; I. Krasovskii,
Iz vospominanii o voine 1853–56
(Moscow, 1874); P. Jaeger,
Le mura di Sebastopoli: Gli italiani in Crimea 1855–56
(Milan, 1991), pp. 306–9.
18
Cullet,
Un régiment
, pp. 207–8.
Un régiment
, pp. 207–8.
19
Seaton,
The Crimean War
, p. 205; J. Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient
(Paris, 1892), p. 318.
The Crimean War
, p. 205; J. Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient
(Paris, 1892), p. 318.
20
Jaeger,
Le mura di Sebastopoli
, p. 315; Loizillon,
La Campagne de Crimée
, pp. 168–70; M. Seacole,
Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands
(London, 2005), p. 142; T. Buzzard,
With the Turkish Army in the Crimea and Asia Minor
(London, 1915), p. 145.
Le mura di Sebastopoli
, p. 315; Loizillon,
La Campagne de Crimée
, pp. 168–70; M. Seacole,
Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands
(London, 2005), p. 142; T. Buzzard,
With the Turkish Army in the Crimea and Asia Minor
(London, 1915), p. 145.
21
Seaton,
The Crimean War
, pp. 206–7.
The Crimean War
, pp. 206–7.
22
Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, p. 321; N. Berg,
Zapiski ob osade Sevastopolia
, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1858), vol. 2, p. 1.
Français et russes en Crimée
, p. 321; N. Berg,
Zapiski ob osade Sevastopolia
, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1858), vol. 2, p. 1.
23
Vrochenskii,
Sevastopol’skii razgrom
, p. 201.
Sevastopol’skii razgrom
, p. 201.
24
H. Small,
The Crimean War: Queen Victoria’s War with the Russian Tsars
(Stroud, 2007), pp. 169–70; Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia
, pp. 157, 242–3; Cullet,
Un régiment
, p. 220.
The Crimean War: Queen Victoria’s War with the Russian Tsars
(Stroud, 2007), pp. 169–70; Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia
, pp. 157, 242–3; Cullet,
Un régiment
, p. 220.
25
Za mnogo let: Zapiski (vospominaniia) neizvestnogo 1844–1874 gg.
(St Petersburg, 1897), pp. 90–91; Giubbenet,
Ocherk
, p. 148.
(St Petersburg, 1897), pp. 90–91; Giubbenet,
Ocherk
, p. 148.
26
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5758, 1. 57; Vrochenskii,
Sevastopol’skii razgrom
, pp. 213–20; Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, pp. 360–61. On Russian intelligence from allied prisoners, see RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5687, 1. 7.
Sevastopol’skii razgrom
, pp. 213–20; Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, pp. 360–61. On Russian intelligence from allied prisoners, see RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5687, 1. 7.
27
A. Niel,
Siège de Sébastopol: Journal des opérations du génie
(Paris, 1858), pp. 492–502; E. Perret,
Les Français en orient: Récits de Crimée 1854–1856
(Paris, 1889), pp. 377–9; Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, pp. 328–9; V. Liaskoronskii,
Vospominaniia Prokofiia Antonovicha Podpalova
(Kiev, 1904), pp. 19–20;
Tolstoy’s Letters
, ed. and trans. by R. F. Christian, 2 vols. (London, 1978), vol. 1, p. 52.
Siège de Sébastopol: Journal des opérations du génie
(Paris, 1858), pp. 492–502; E. Perret,
Les Français en orient: Récits de Crimée 1854–1856
(Paris, 1889), pp. 377–9; Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, pp. 328–9; V. Liaskoronskii,
Vospominaniia Prokofiia Antonovicha Podpalova
(Kiev, 1904), pp. 19–20;
Tolstoy’s Letters
, ed. and trans. by R. F. Christian, 2 vols. (London, 1978), vol. 1, p. 52.
28
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5758, 11. 58–60; A. Viazmitinov, ‘Sevastopol’ ot 21 marta po 28 avgusta 1855 goda’,
Russkaia starina
, 34 (1882), pp. 55–6; Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia
, pp. 277–9.
Russkaia starina
, 34 (1882), pp. 55–6; Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia
, pp. 277–9.
29
J. Spilsbury,
The Thin Red Line: An Eyewitness History of the Crimean War
(London, 2005), p. 303.
The Thin Red Line: An Eyewitness History of the Crimean War
(London, 2005), p. 303.
30
Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, p. 304; C. Campbell,
Letters from Camp to His Relatives during the Siege of Sebastopol
(London, 1894), pp. 316–17; Clifford,
Letters and Sketches
, pp. 257–8.
Thin Red Line
, p. 304; C. Campbell,
Letters from Camp to His Relatives during the Siege of Sebastopol
(London, 1894), pp. 316–17; Clifford,
Letters and Sketches
, pp. 257–8.
31
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5758, 1. 65.
32
M. Bogdanovich,
Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856
, 4 vols. (St Petersburg, 1876), vol. 4, p. 127.
Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856
, 4 vols. (St Petersburg, 1876), vol. 4, p. 127.
33
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5758, 1. 68; T. Tolycheva,
Rasskazy starushki ob osade Sevastopolia
(Moscow, 1881), pp. 87–90.
Rasskazy starushki ob osade Sevastopolia
(Moscow, 1881), pp. 87–90.
34
Tolstoy’s Letters
, vol. 1, p. 52.
, vol. 1, p. 52.
35
Sobranie pisem sester Krestovozdvizhenskoi obshchiny popecheniia o ranenykh
(St Petersburg, 1855), pp. 74, 81–2.
(St Petersburg, 1855), pp. 74, 81–2.
36
Giubbenet,
Ocherk
, pp. 19, 152–3;
The Times
, 27 Sept. 1855.
Ocherk
, pp. 19, 152–3;
The Times
, 27 Sept. 1855.
37
Boniface,
Campagnes de Crimée
, pp. 295–6; Buzzard,
With the Turkish Army
, p. 193.
Campagnes de Crimée
, pp. 295–6; Buzzard,
With the Turkish Army
, p. 193.
38
E. Vanson,
Crimée, Italie, Mexique: Lettres de campagnes 1854–1867
(Paris, 1905), pp. 154, 161; NAM 2005–07–719 (Golaphy letter, 22 Sept. 1855).
Crimée, Italie, Mexique: Lettres de campagnes 1854–1867
(Paris, 1905), pp. 154, 161; NAM 2005–07–719 (Golaphy letter, 22 Sept. 1855).
39
WO 28/126; NAM 6807–379/4 (Panmure to Codrington, 9 Nov. 1855).
40
S. Tatishchev,
Imperator Aleksandr II: Ego zhizn’ i tsarstvovanie
, 2 vols. (St Petersburg, 1903), vol. 1, pp. 161–3.
Imperator Aleksandr II: Ego zhizn’ i tsarstvovanie
, 2 vols. (St Petersburg, 1903), vol. 1, pp. 161–3.
41
RGVIA, f. 481, op. 1, d. 36, ll. 1–27; A. Tiutcheva,
Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882
(Moscow, 1928–9), p. 65; W. Mosse, ‘How Russia Made Peace September 1855 to April 1856’,
Cambridge Historical Journal
, 11/3 (1955), p. 301; W. Baumgart,
The Peace of Paris 1856: Studies in War, Diplomacy and Peacemaking
(Oxford, 1981), p. 7.
Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882
(Moscow, 1928–9), p. 65; W. Mosse, ‘How Russia Made Peace September 1855 to April 1856’,
Cambridge Historical Journal
, 11/3 (1955), p. 301; W. Baumgart,
The Peace of Paris 1856: Studies in War, Diplomacy and Peacemaking
(Oxford, 1981), p. 7.
42
Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, pp. 520–24; H. Sandwith,
A Narrative of the Siege of Kars
(London, 1856), pp. 104 ff.;
Papers Relative to Military Affairs in Asiatic Turkey and the Defence and Capitulation of Kars: Presented to Both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty
(London, 1856), p. 251; C. Badem, ‘The Ottomans and the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, Ph.D. diss. (Sabanci University, 2007), pp. 197–223.
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, pp. 520–24; H. Sandwith,
A Narrative of the Siege of Kars
(London, 1856), pp. 104 ff.;
Papers Relative to Military Affairs in Asiatic Turkey and the Defence and Capitulation of Kars: Presented to Both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty
(London, 1856), p. 251; C. Badem, ‘The Ottomans and the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, Ph.D. diss. (Sabanci University, 2007), pp. 197–223.
43
Mosse, ‘How Russia Made Peace’, pp. 302–3.
44
Baumgart,
The Peace of Paris 1856
, pp. 5–7.
The Peace of Paris 1856
, pp. 5–7.
45
BLMD, Add. MS 48579, Palmerston to Clarendon, 25 Sept. 1855.
46
Argyll, Duke of,
Autobiography and Memoirs
, 2 vols. (London, 1906), vol. 1, p. 492;
The Greville Memoirs 1814–1860
, ed. L. Strachey and R. Fulford, 8 vols. (London, 1938), vol. 7, p. 173.
Autobiography and Memoirs
, 2 vols. (London, 1906), vol. 1, p. 492;
The Greville Memoirs 1814–1860
, ed. L. Strachey and R. Fulford, 8 vols. (London, 1938), vol. 7, p. 173.
47
BLMD, Add. MS 48579, Palmerston to Clarendon, 9 Oct. 1855.
48
C. Thoumas,
Mes souvenirs de Crimée 1854–1856
(Paris, 1892), pp. 256–60;
Lettres d’un soldat à sa mère de 1849 à 1870: Afrique, Crimée, Italie, Mexique
(Montbéliard, 1910), pp. 106–8; Loizillon,
La Campagne de Crimée
, pp. xvii–xviii.
Mes souvenirs de Crimée 1854–1856
(Paris, 1892), pp. 256–60;
Lettres d’un soldat à sa mère de 1849 à 1870: Afrique, Crimée, Italie, Mexique
(Montbéliard, 1910), pp. 106–8; Loizillon,
La Campagne de Crimée
, pp. xvii–xviii.
49
A. Gouttman,
La Guerre de Crimée 1853–1856
(Paris, 1995), p. 460; L. Case,
French Opinion on War and Diplomacy during the Second Empire
(Philadelphia, 1954), pp. 39–40; R. Marlin,
L’Opinion franc-comtoise devant la guerre de Crimée
, Annales Littéraires de l’Université de Besançon, vol. 17 (Paris, 1957), p. 48.
La Guerre de Crimée 1853–1856
(Paris, 1995), p. 460; L. Case,
French Opinion on War and Diplomacy during the Second Empire
(Philadelphia, 1954), pp. 39–40; R. Marlin,
L’Opinion franc-comtoise devant la guerre de Crimée
, Annales Littéraires de l’Université de Besançon, vol. 17 (Paris, 1957), p. 48.
50
W. Echard,
Napoleon III and the Concert of Europe
(Baton Range, La., 1983), pp. 50–51.
Napoleon III and the Concert of Europe
(Baton Range, La., 1983), pp. 50–51.
51
Gouttman,
La Guerre de Crimée
, p. 451; A. J. P. Taylor,
The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918
(Oxford, 1955), p. 78.
La Guerre de Crimée
, p. 451; A. J. P. Taylor,
The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918
(Oxford, 1955), p. 78.
52
Mosse, ‘How Russia Made Peace’, p. 303.
53
BLMD, Add. MS 48579, Palmerston to Clarendon, 1 Dec. 1855; Baumgart,
The Peace of Paris
, p. 33.
The Peace of Paris
, p. 33.
54
Mosse, ‘How Russia Made Peace’, p. 304.
55
Ibid., pp. 305–6.
56
Ibid., pp. 306–13.
57
Boniface,
Campagnes de Crimée
, p. 336.
Campagnes de Crimée
, p. 336.
58
D. Noël,
La Vie de bivouac: Lettres intimes
(Paris, 1860), p. 254.
La Vie de bivouac: Lettres intimes
(Paris, 1860), p. 254.
59
Liaskoronskii,
Vospominaniia
, pp. 23–4.
Vospominaniia
, pp. 23–4.
Other books
Catch a Falling Star by Unknown
The Watcher's Eyes (The Binders Game Book 2) by Holmberg, D.K.
Her Dark Curiosity by Megan Shepherd
In Search of Lost Time, Volume IV by Marcel Proust
The Demetrios Bridal Bargain by Kim Lawrence
The Charmer by C.J. Archer
The Glory Boys by Douglas Reeman
Hot SEALs: SEALed For Life (Kindle Worlds Novella) by Donna McDonald
