The Crimean War (81 page)
Authors: Orlando Figes
Tags: #History, #Military, #General, #Europe, #Other, #Russia & the Former Soviet Union, #Crimean War; 1853-1856
66
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5450, ll. 34–42; d. 5452, ch. 2, ll. 16–18; Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 2, pp. 272–3; Tiutcheva,
Pri dvore dvukh imperatov
, p. 165.
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 2, pp. 272–3; Tiutcheva,
Pri dvore dvukh imperatov
, p. 165.
67
Tolstoy’s Diaries
, vol. 1:
1847–1894
, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian (London, 1985), p. 95.
, vol. 1:
1847–1894
, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian (London, 1985), p. 95.
68
H. Troyat,
Tolstoy
(London, 1970), pp. 161–2.
Tolstoy
(London, 1970), pp. 161–2.
69
Tolstoy’s Letters
, vol. 1, p. 45; A. Opul’skii,
L. N. Tolstoi v krymu: Literaturno-kraevedcheskii ocherk
(Simferopol, 1960), pp. 27–30.
, vol. 1, p. 45; A. Opul’skii,
L. N. Tolstoi v krymu: Literaturno-kraevedcheskii ocherk
(Simferopol, 1960), pp. 27–30.
70
Troyat,
Tolstoy
, p. 162.
Tolstoy
, p. 162.
71
Tolstoy’s Letters
, vol. 1, pp. 44–5.
, vol. 1, pp. 44–5.
CHAPTER 9 . GENERALS JANUARY AND FEBRUARY
1
NAM 1988–06–29–1 (Letter, 17 Nov. 1854).
2
Mrs Duberly’s War: Journal and Letters from the Crimea
, ed. C. Kelly (Oxford, 2007), pp. 102–3; NAM 1968–07–288 (Cambridge to Raglan, 15 Nov. 1854).
, ed. C. Kelly (Oxford, 2007), pp. 102–3; NAM 1968–07–288 (Cambridge to Raglan, 15 Nov. 1854).
3
Ia. Rebrov,
Pis’ma sevastopol’tsa
(Novocherkassk, 1876), p. 26.
Pis’ma sevastopol’tsa
(Novocherkassk, 1876), p. 26.
4
Lettres d’un soldat à sa mère de 1849 à 1870: Afrique, Crimée, Italie, Mexique
(Montbéliard, 1910), p. 66; L. Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie
(Paris, 1869), p. 288; V. Bonham-Carter (ed.),
Surgeon in the Crimea: The Experiences of George Lawson Recorded in Letters to His Family
(London, 1968), p. 104.
(Montbéliard, 1910), p. 66; L. Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie
(Paris, 1869), p. 288; V. Bonham-Carter (ed.),
Surgeon in the Crimea: The Experiences of George Lawson Recorded in Letters to His Family
(London, 1968), p. 104.
5
WO 28/162, ‘Letters and Papers Relating to the Administration of the Cavalry Division’.
6
NAM 1982–12–29–23 (Letter, 22 Nov. 1854); D. Boulger (ed.),
General Gordon’s Letters from the Crimea, the Danube and Armenia
(London, 1884), p. 14; K. Vitzthum von Eckstadt,
St Petersburg and London in the Years 1852–64
, 2 vols. (London, 1887), vol. 1, p. 143.
General Gordon’s Letters from the Crimea, the Danube and Armenia
(London, 1884), p. 14; K. Vitzthum von Eckstadt,
St Petersburg and London in the Years 1852–64
, 2 vols. (London, 1887), vol. 1, p. 143.
7
J. Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient
(Paris, 1892), p. 144.
Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient
(Paris, 1892), p. 144.
8
J. Baudens,
La Guerre de Crimée: Les campements, les abris, les ambulances, les hôpitaux, etc.
(Paris, 1858), pp. 63–6; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 248.
La Guerre de Crimée: Les campements, les abris, les ambulances, les hôpitaux, etc.
(Paris, 1858), pp. 63–6; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 248.
9
Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, p. 151;
Mrs Duberly’s War
, pp. 110–11.
Français et russes en Crimée
, p. 151;
Mrs Duberly’s War
, pp. 110–11.
10
NAM 1968–07–270 (‘Letters from the Crimea Written during the Years 1854, 55 and 56 by a Staff Officer Who Was There’), pp. 188–9.
11
I. G. Douglas and G. Ramsay (eds.),
The Panmure Papers, Being a Selection from the Correspondence of Fox Maule, 2nd Baron Panmure, afterwards 11th Earl of Dalhousie
, 2 vols. (London, 1908), vol. 1, pp. 151–2; B. Gooch,
The New Bonapartist Generals in the Crimean War
(The Hague, 1959), pp. 159–60.
The Panmure Papers, Being a Selection from the Correspondence of Fox Maule, 2nd Baron Panmure, afterwards 11th Earl of Dalhousie
, 2 vols. (London, 1908), vol. 1, pp. 151–2; B. Gooch,
The New Bonapartist Generals in the Crimean War
(The Hague, 1959), pp. 159–60.
12
C. Mismer,
Souvenirs d’un dragon de l’armée de Crimée
(Paris, 1887), pp. 59–60, 96–7.
Souvenirs d’un dragon de l’armée de Crimée
(Paris, 1887), pp. 59–60, 96–7.
13
Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 291; Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, pp. 225–6.
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 291; Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, pp. 225–6.
14
Mrs Duberly’s War
, p. 118.
, p. 118.
15
Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 288; H. Rappaport,
No Place for Ladies: The Untold Story of Women in the Crimean War
(London, 2007), p. 38; Bonham-Carter,
Surgeon in the Crimea
, p. 65.
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 288; H. Rappaport,
No Place for Ladies: The Untold Story of Women in the Crimean War
(London, 2007), p. 38; Bonham-Carter,
Surgeon in the Crimea
, p. 65.
16
NAM 1996–05–4–19 (Pine letter, 8 Jan. 1855); Mismer,
Souvenirs d’un dragon
, pp. 124–5; NAM 1996–05–4 (Letter, 8 Jan. 1855).
Souvenirs d’un dragon
, pp. 124–5; NAM 1996–05–4 (Letter, 8 Jan. 1855).
17
NAM 1984–09–31–79 (4 Feb. 1855); NAM 1976–08–32 (Hagger letter, 1 Dec. 1854); G. Bell,
Rough Notes by an Old Soldier: During Fifty Years’ Service, from Ensign G.B. to Major-General, C.B.
, 2 vols. (London, 1867), vol. 2, pp. 232–3.
Rough Notes by an Old Soldier: During Fifty Years’ Service, from Ensign G.B. to Major-General, C.B.
, 2 vols. (London, 1867), vol. 2, pp. 232–3.
18
K. Chesney,
Crimean War Reader
(London, 1960), p. 154; Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, p. 343.
Crimean War Reader
(London, 1960), p. 154; Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée
, p. 343.
19
Baudens,
La Guerre de Crimée
, pp. 101–3; J. Shepherd,
The Crimean Doctors: A History of the British Medical Services in the Crimean War
, 2 vols. (Liverpool, 1991), vol. 1, pp. 135–6, 237;
Health of the Army in Turkey and Crimea: Paper, being a medical and surgical history of the British army which served in Turkey and the Crimea during the Russian war
, Parliamentary Papers 1857–8, vol. 38, part 2, p. 465.
La Guerre de Crimée
, pp. 101–3; J. Shepherd,
The Crimean Doctors: A History of the British Medical Services in the Crimean War
, 2 vols. (Liverpool, 1991), vol. 1, pp. 135–6, 237;
Health of the Army in Turkey and Crimea: Paper, being a medical and surgical history of the British army which served in Turkey and the Crimea during the Russian war
, Parliamentary Papers 1857–8, vol. 38, part 2, p. 465.
20
N. Pirogov,
Sevastopol’skie pis’ma i vospominaniia
(Moscow, 1950), pp. 28–37, 66, 147–8, 220–23;
Za mnogo let: Zapiski (vospominaniia) neizvestnogo 1844–1874 gg.
(St Petersburg, 1897), pp. 82–3; Kh. Giubbenet,
Ocherk meditsinskoi i gospital’noi chasti russkih voisk v Krymu v 1854–1856 gg.
(St Petersburg, 1870), p. 2.
Sevastopol’skie pis’ma i vospominaniia
(Moscow, 1950), pp. 28–37, 66, 147–8, 220–23;
Za mnogo let: Zapiski (vospominaniia) neizvestnogo 1844–1874 gg.
(St Petersburg, 1897), pp. 82–3; Kh. Giubbenet,
Ocherk meditsinskoi i gospital’noi chasti russkih voisk v Krymu v 1854–1856 gg.
(St Petersburg, 1870), p. 2.
21
N. Berg,
Desiat’ dnei v Sevastopole
(Moscow, 1855), pp. 17–19; R. Hodasevich,
A Voice from within the Walls of Sebastopol: A Narrative of the Campaign in the Crimea and the Events of the Siege
(London, 1856), p. 129; E. Kovalevskii,
Voina s Turtsiei i razryv s zapadnymi derzhavami v 1853–1854
(St Petersburg, 1871), p. 82; Pirogov,
Sevastopol’skie pis’ma
, pp. 151–2.
Desiat’ dnei v Sevastopole
(Moscow, 1855), pp. 17–19; R. Hodasevich,
A Voice from within the Walls of Sebastopol: A Narrative of the Campaign in the Crimea and the Events of the Siege
(London, 1856), p. 129; E. Kovalevskii,
Voina s Turtsiei i razryv s zapadnymi derzhavami v 1853–1854
(St Petersburg, 1871), p. 82; Pirogov,
Sevastopol’skie pis’ma
, pp. 151–2.
22
Ibid., pp. 155–6, 185.
23
L. Tolstoy,
The Sebastopol Sketches
, trans. D. McDuff (London, 1986), pp. 44, 47–8.
The Sebastopol Sketches
, trans. D. McDuff (London, 1986), pp. 44, 47–8.
24
Giubbenet,
Ocherk
, pp. 5, 7.
Ocherk
, pp. 5, 7.
25
H. Connor, ‘Use of Chloroform by British Army Surgeons during the Crimean War’,
Medical History
, 42/2 (1998), pp. 163, 184–8; Shepherd,
The Crimean Doctors
, vol. 1, pp. 132–3.
Medical History
, 42/2 (1998), pp. 163, 184–8; Shepherd,
The Crimean Doctors
, vol. 1, pp. 132–3.
26
Pirogov,
Sevastopol’skie pis’ma
, p. 27;
Istoricheskii obzor deistvii krestovozdvizhenskoi obshchiny sester’ popecheniia o ranenykh i vol’nykh k voennykh gospitaliakh v Krymu i v Khersonskoi gubernii c 1 dek. 1854 po 1 dek. 1855
(St Petersburg, 1856), pp. 2–4;
Sobranie pisem sester Krestovozdvizhenskoi obshchiny popecheniia o ranenykh
(St Petersburg, 1855), p. 22.
Sevastopol’skie pis’ma
, p. 27;
Istoricheskii obzor deistvii krestovozdvizhenskoi obshchiny sester’ popecheniia o ranenykh i vol’nykh k voennykh gospitaliakh v Krymu i v Khersonskoi gubernii c 1 dek. 1854 po 1 dek. 1855
(St Petersburg, 1856), pp. 2–4;
Sobranie pisem sester Krestovozdvizhenskoi obshchiny popecheniia o ranenykh
(St Petersburg, 1855), p. 22.
27
Gosudarstvennoe podvizhnoie opolchenie Vladimirskoi gubernii 1855–56: Po materialam i lichnym vospominaniiam
(Vladimir, 1900), p. 82; Rappaport,
No Place for Ladies
, pp. 115–17.
(Vladimir, 1900), p. 82; Rappaport,
No Place for Ladies
, pp. 115–17.
28
NAM 1951–12–21 (Bellew journal, 23 Jan. 1855); Rappaport,
No Place for Ladies
, pp. 101, 125.
No Place for Ladies
, pp. 101, 125.
29
G. St Aubyn,
Queen Victoria: A Portrait
(London, 1991), p. 295.
Queen Victoria: A Portrait
(London, 1991), p. 295.
30
A. Lambert and S. Badsey (eds.),
The War Correspondents: The Crimean War
(Strand, 1994), p. 13; S. Markovits,
The Crimean War in the British Imagination
(Cambridge, 2009), p. 16.
The War Correspondents: The Crimean War
(Strand, 1994), p. 13; S. Markovits,
The Crimean War in the British Imagination
(Cambridge, 2009), p. 16.
31
E. Gosse,
Father and Son
(Oxford, 2004), p. 20.
Father and Son
(Oxford, 2004), p. 20.
32
M. Lalumia,
Realism and Politics in Victorian Art of the Crimean War
(Epping, 1984), p. 120.
Realism and Politics in Victorian Art of the Crimean War
(Epping, 1984), p. 120.
33
H. Clifford,
Letters and Sketches from the Crimea
(London, 1956), p. 146.
Letters and Sketches from the Crimea
(London, 1956), p. 146.
34
NAM 1968–07–284 (Raglan to Newcastle, 4 Jan. 1855).
35
Gooch,
The New Bonapartist Generals
, p. 192.
The New Bonapartist Generals
, p. 192.
36
L. Case,
French Opinion on War and Diplomacy during the Second Empire
(Philadelphia, 1954), pp. 2–6, 32; H. Loizillon,
La Campagne de Crimée: Lettres écrites de Crimée par le capitaine d’état-major Henri Loizillon à sa famille
(Paris, 1895), p. 82; RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1856, 19 Apr.
French Opinion on War and Diplomacy during the Second Empire
(Philadelphia, 1954), pp. 2–6, 32; H. Loizillon,
La Campagne de Crimée: Lettres écrites de Crimée par le capitaine d’état-major Henri Loizillon à sa famille
(Paris, 1895), p. 82; RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1856, 19 Apr.
37
Za mnogo let
, pp. 75–8.
, pp. 75–8.
38
The Englishwoman in Russia: Impressions of the Society and Manners of the Russians at Home
(London, 1855), pp. 292–3, 296–8.
(London, 1855), pp. 292–3, 296–8.
39
Ibid., pp. 294–5;
Za mnogo let
, p. 73.
Za mnogo let
, p. 73.
40
E. Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 1, pp. 454–9;
The Englishwoman in Russia
, p. 305.
Krymskaia voina
, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 1, pp. 454–9;
The Englishwoman in Russia
, p. 305.
41
A. Zaionchkovskii,
Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856
, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 2002), vol. 2, p. 76; GARF, f. 109, op. 1, d. 353 (
chast
’ 2), 1. 7.
Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856
, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 2002), vol. 2, p. 76; GARF, f. 109, op. 1, d. 353 (
chast
’ 2), 1. 7.
42
I. Ignatovich,
Pomeshchichie krest’iane nakanune osvobozhdeniia
(Leningrad, 1925), pp. 331–7;
The Englishwoman in Russia
, pp. 302–3, 313.
Pomeshchichie krest’iane nakanune osvobozhdeniia
(Leningrad, 1925), pp. 331–7;
The Englishwoman in Russia
, pp. 302–3, 313.
43
J. Curtiss,
Russia’s Crimean War
(Durham, NC, 1979), pp. 532–46; D. Moon, ‘Russian Peasant Volunteers at the Beginning of the Crimean War’,
Slavic Review
, 51/4 (Winter 1992), pp. 691–704. On a similar phenomenon in the Kiev, Podol’e and Volhynia regions in the early months of 1855, see RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5496, 11. 18–52.
Russia’s Crimean War
(Durham, NC, 1979), pp. 532–46; D. Moon, ‘Russian Peasant Volunteers at the Beginning of the Crimean War’,
Slavic Review
, 51/4 (Winter 1992), pp. 691–704. On a similar phenomenon in the Kiev, Podol’e and Volhynia regions in the early months of 1855, see RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5496, 11. 18–52.
44
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5452, ch. 2, 1. 166; Rebrov,
Pis’ma sevastopol’tsa
, p. 3.
Pis’ma sevastopol’tsa
, p. 3.
45
Pirogov,
Sevastopol’skie pis’ma
, p. 148; A. Markevich,
Tavricheskaia guberniia vo vremia krymskoi voiny: Po arkhivnym materialam
(Simferopol, 1905), pp. 107–51; A Opul’skii,
L. N. Tolstoi v krymu: Literaturno-kraevedcheskii ocherk
(Simferopol, 1960), p. 12; Hodasevich,
A Voice
, pp. 24–5; RGVIA, f. 9198, op. 6/264, sv. 15, d. 2.
Sevastopol’skie pis’ma
, p. 148; A. Markevich,
Tavricheskaia guberniia vo vremia krymskoi voiny: Po arkhivnym materialam
(Simferopol, 1905), pp. 107–51; A Opul’skii,
L. N. Tolstoi v krymu: Literaturno-kraevedcheskii ocherk
(Simferopol, 1960), p. 12; Hodasevich,
A Voice
, pp. 24–5; RGVIA, f. 9198, op. 6/264, sv. 15, d. 2.
46
‘Vostochnaia voina: Pis’ma kn. I. F. Paskevicha k kn. M. D. Gorchakovu’,
Russkaia starina
, 15 (1876), pp. 668–70; Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, pp. 224–8.
Russkaia starina
, 15 (1876), pp. 668–70; Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, pp. 224–8.
47
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5450, 11. 50–54; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5452, ch. 2, 11. 166, 199–201; ‘Doktor Mandt o poslednikh nedeliiakh imperatora Nikolaia Pavlovicha (iz neizdannykh zapisok odnogo priblizhennogo k imperatoru litsa)’,
Russkii arkhiv
, 2 (1905), p. 480.
Russkii arkhiv
, 2 (1905), p. 480.
48
Poslednie minuty i konchina v bozhe pochivshego imperatora, nezabvennogo i vechnoi slavy dostoinogo Nikolaia I
(Moscow, 1855), pp. 5–6; ‘Noch’ c 17-go na 18 fevralia 1855 goda: Rasskaz doktora Mandta’,
Russkii arkhiv
, 1 (1884), p. 194; ‘Nekotorye podrobnosti o konchine imperatora Nikolaia Pavlovicha’,
Russkii arkhiv
, 3/9 (1906), pp. 143–5; Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, p. 233.
(Moscow, 1855), pp. 5–6; ‘Noch’ c 17-go na 18 fevralia 1855 goda: Rasskaz doktora Mandta’,
Russkii arkhiv
, 1 (1884), p. 194; ‘Nekotorye podrobnosti o konchine imperatora Nikolaia Pavlovicha’,
Russkii arkhiv
, 3/9 (1906), pp. 143–5; Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, p. 233.
49
See e.g. V. Vinogradov, ‘The Personal Responsibility of Emperor Nicholas I for the Coming of the Crimean War: An Episode in the Diplomatic Struggle in the Eastern Question’, in H. Ragsdale (ed.),
Imperial Russian Foreign Policy
(Cambridge, 1993), p. 170.
Imperial Russian Foreign Policy
(Cambridge, 1993), p. 170.
50
A. Tiutcheva,
Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882
(Moscow, 1928–9), p. 178.
Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882
(Moscow, 1928–9), p. 178.
51
Ibid., pp. 20–21.
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