The Crimean War (91 page)

pacifists, vilified by Russophobes
paintings, Crimean War subjects
Palestine, riots and attacks on Christians
Palgrave, William Gifford (British consul in Abkhazia)
Palmerston, Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Aberdeen’s foreign policies and aggressive campaign wanted anti-Russian league of states becomes Prime Minister (1855) belligerent reactions to Russian occupations Bessarabia/Moldavia border dispute council of war with allied leaders (1855) defends failure to support Poles the Four Points and and the Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum hated in Russia and much of Europe influence of Czartoryski keeps France on track for war Napoleon III and no action to support Hungarians plan for dismemberment of Russian Empire populist foreign policy the Press and punitive conditions at the Paris Peace Congress (1856) recruits mercenaries rejects French plan for Poland rejects peace initiatives returns to Cabinet (1853) sends Fleet to Besika Bay and Dardanelles Serpent Island incident (1856) Triple Alliance and Urquhart and Vienna Conference (1855) and ‘war of nationalities’ warns Serbs against supporting Russia
pan-Slavism Alexander II and and the Balkans Congress of Berlin (1878) and Grand Duke Constantine and Kiev Committee Moscow Slavic Benevolent Committee ruin of Russia St Petersburg Committee support for the war Tsar Nicholas and Tsar Nicholas legitimist policies attacked
see also
Slavs
Panmure, Fox Maule-Ramsay, Lord Panmure (Secretary of State for War): allows new assault on the Redan council of war with allied leaders (1855) field campaign memorandum rejected by Raglan intermediary for Raglan with the French Victoria Cross investiture warns Codrington of effects of drinking in the soldiery
Pardoe, Julia,
The City of the Sultan; and Domestic Manners of the Turks
(1836)
Paris, Henry (‘Anglicus’)
Paris: Exposition Universelle (1855) new buildings and tarmacadamed streets official peace declaration (1856)
Paris Peace Congress (1856)
Paris Treaty (1857)
Parma, monarch restored
Parus
(pan-Slav journal)
Paskevich, General Ivan Bulgarian strategy retires hurt sceptical of Tsar’s strategy advice sought after Inkerman warns of Austrian threat
Paul I, Tsar
Pavlov, Lt-Gen P. Ya. (11th Division), at Inkerman
Paxton, Joseph, huts for soldiers
peace initiatives: opportunity rejected by France and Britain (1854) Vienna Note (1853)
Peel, Sir Robert (1788 – 1850)
Peel, Sir Robert (1822 – 95),
Times
Crimean Fund … patron
Peelites, British peace party
Pélissier, General Aimable (French commander-in-chief) commits to combined attack on Mamelon and Quarry Pits first Malakhov assault and second Malakhov assault and
Pénaud, Admiral, Baltic campaign (1855)
Pennefather, General Sir John Lysaght (2nd Division)
Persia: Anglo-Persian War (1856 – 7) British diplomacy loss of Erivan and Nakhichevan khanates (1828) occupation of Herat (1837 – 57) Russian advisers
Persigny, Jean Gilbert Fialin, duc de
Pestel’, Vladimir (governor of Simferopol)
Peter I the Great, Tsar: demands Greek rights at Holy Sepulchre ‘Testament of … .’
Peto, Samuel, Balaklava railway
Petrashevsky circle
Pflug, Ferdinand (doctor in Tsarist army)
Phanariots
Philiki Etaireia
(Society of Friends)
photography: from the war zone wounded in military hospitals
see also
lithographs
Piedmont-Sardinia: annexation of Naples central Italian states annexed leads movement for Italian unification offers troops for Crimea war with Austria (1859)
see also
Sardinian army
Pine, Pvt John (Rifle Bde), death from scurvy and other conditions
Pirogov, Nikolai (military surgeon) work with nurses
Pius IX, Pope
Pluton
(French steam corvette), lost in hurricane (1854)
Podpalov, Prokofii (orderly to Gen Golev)
Pogodin, Mikhail, pan-Slavism of
Poland Napoleon III’s plan Polish Legion to the allies (Sultan’s Cossacks) Palmerston’s plans for Paris Peace Conference (1856) and Polish officers in Hungarian army provisional Polish government revolutionary ‘Zouaves of Death’ seeks help from Napoleon Bonaparte struggle for freedom from Russia support in Britain support in France Warsaw uprising put down by Russia (1831)
see also
Congress Poland
Polar Star
magazine
Polish army: disperses to Prussia and Western Europe (1831) joins the uprising (1830)
Polish exiles in Kars
Polotsk, Synod of (1839)
Poltava, battle of (1709)
Polusky, Russian General, truce after Mamelon fight
Ponsonby, John, 1st Viscount Hatt-i Sharif reforms and
Vixen
incident and
Popandul, Capt. (Russian artillery)
Portal, Robert (British cavalry officer), letters home
the Porte
see
Ottoman Empire
Porter, Maj (
later
Maj Gen) Whitworth RE race meeting Russian night raids spade work not appreciated
The Portfolio
(Urquhart periodical)
Potemkin, Prince Grigorii
Pradt, Dominique-Georges-Frédéric de,
Parallèle de la puissance anglaise et russe relativement à l’Europe
Press, the: and British public opinion campaign against Prince Albert censorship in France censorship free in Britain censorship in Russia effect of abolishing stamp duty in Britain false news reports influence of on British Politics influence on French foreign policy middle classes and in Britain and public opinion in Turkey reports of sufferings of troops war correspondents
see also
journalism; war correspondents by name (Chenery, Russell, Woods)
Priestley, Sgt (13th Lt Dragoons), first casualty of Crimea campaign
Prince
, SS (supply ship), sunk in hurricane
Pristovoitov, Colonel, shortlived command of Soimonov’s Division
Protestants: the British character and church leaders and declaration of war Evangelicals with romantic views of Islam granted
millet
status by the Sultan missionary work in Ottoman Empire reaction to Orthodox rituals in Jerusalem
see also
Anglicans
Prussia: more reliable ally for Russia and Palmerston’s plans peace initiative (1853) war with Austrian Empire (1866) war with Denmark (1864) war with France (1870)
Pudovkin, Vsevolod,
Admiral Nakhimov
(film)
Pushkin, Alexander
Putiatin, Admiral Yevfimy Vasilyevich
Putin, Vladimir

Quarantine Battery (Sevastopol)
Quarry pits (Sevastopol)
Quarterly Review
(journal)

Radcliffe, Capt William (20th Regt of Foot), letters home
Raglan, FitzRoy Somerset, Lord Raglan, C-in-C Crimea plans defence of London (1852) insistence on impractical uniform instructed to invade the Crimea (1854) refuses to carry out order to take Sevastopol and Perekop pre-landing conference with Saint-Arnaud at Alma unable to press on to Sevastopol wants immediate assault on Sevastopol advises against speaking to William Russell at Balaklava council of war with Canrobert and Omer Pasha initiates Light Brigade blunder warnings of weakness of British defences letter to Panmure about a Mamelon attack protests to Menshikov about Inkerman atrocities rejects encirclement of Sevastopol rejects Napoleon III’s field campaign Redan aftermath and death

railways: Balaklava Railway Euphrates Valley Railway in Russia
Rawlinson, Sir Henry, in Baghdad
Read, General, Chernaia river battle (1855)
Redan (Sevastopol) first British attack second British attack
Reeve, Henry
Reform Act (Great Britain 1832)
refugees: Orthodox Bulgarians Orthodox Christians from Bessarabia Polish Russians and Greeks in the Crimea Tatars
religion: British Protestantism clerical views of war in Britain importance of in Russia muscular Christianity Muslim troops at Silistria role of in fuelling wars Russian ‘weak neighbour’ policy and
religious toleration, in Turkey
religious wars: Nicholas I and Russia and Muslim neighbours
see also
Russo-Turkish wars
Resolute
(supply ship), sunk in hurricane
Retribution
, HMS (steam-frigate)
Rhodes, to go to Britain
Richelieu, Armand du Plessis, Duc de, Odessa
Ridiger, Gen Fedor, Count, on need for military reforms
Rifaat Pasha (Ottoman Foreign Minister)
Robertson, James (war photographer)
Rochebrune, François, ‘Zouaves of Death’
Roebuck, John MP, calls for a select committee to investigate the army
Romaine, William (Deputy Judge Advocate)
Romania Crimean War beginnings debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856) Organic Statute (
Règlement organique
) Russian response to 1848 revolution
see also
Danubian principalities; Moldavia; Wallachia
Romanian exiles, in Britain
Rose, Colonel Sir Hugh calls for naval support endorses Pélissier
Rosetti, Constantine (Romanian exile)
Roubaud, Franz,
The Defence of Sevastopol
(panorama)
Rowe, John, Storekeeper (army commisariat), brings in wounded
Rowlands, Capt Hugh (Derbys Regt)
Royal Marines, at Balaklava
Royal Navy: ability to threaten Russia attack on Odessa (1854) Baltic campaign (1854) Baltic campaign (1855) at Beykoz Bomarsund bombardment bombardment, of Sevastopol defence of invasion convoy fleet moved to Besika Bay (1833; 1849 & 1853) forces Russo-Turkish armistice (1878) helps quieten Constantinople demonstrations Kerch raid (1855) Naval Brigade, on shore artillery put on war footing (1853) sails to Alexandria (1840)
see also
Great Britain
Royal Patriotic Fund for the relief of soldiers wives
Rumelia (Bulgaria), massacre of Christians
Rumelian army (Ottoman): commencement of hostilities against Russia Stara Zagora (1853) strengthen’s Turkish forts on the Danube border terror tactics
Rumiantsev Library and Museum
Russell, Lord John alternative plan for Turkey represents Britain at Vienna Conference (1855)
Russell, William (
Times
war correspondent) report on the Kerch raid reports draw attention to bravery in the field upsets military establishment visits military cemeteries wounded found in Sevastopol
Russia: aims to be a southern power Anglophobia armed forces discredited by Crimean defeat Austrian Four Points accepted autocracy failure Bessarabia loss a national tragedy Black Sea fleet recommissioned boundary dispute in Bessarabia brink of war with Britain over the
Vixen
(1836) British plans to break up the Russian Empire calls for war against Turks (1820s) campaigns for return of Crimea from Ukraine ‘conflicting memories of 1812 Congress of Berlin resolutions conquest of khanates in Central Asia corruption and incompetence Cossack traditions Danubian principalities and declares war on Turkey (1828) defences thinly spread demands extradition of Polish refugees from Ottomans demands new Orthodox Church protection treaty dependence on a serf economy diplomatic relations with Britain and France broken (1854) dispute with France over the Holy Land drops France as an ally ecclesiastical mission in Jerusalem economics of serf emancipation expansionist aims
see
‘Testament of Peter the Great’; feelings of betrayal by Western Christians forced to give up Kars Foreign Ministry free passage through Dardanelles for shipping and French territorial ambitions (Nice and Savoy) gains from Adrianople Treaty (1829) gains territory in the Far East (1860) gives up privileges vis-à-vis Ottomans (1841) Greeks lobby for help at Tsarist Court and Holy Sepulchre roof dispute humiliation and pride from Sevastopol imperial rivalry with Great Britain importance of cereal exports influence on other Orthodox communities insists on Hatt-i Hümayun clause in Paris Congress invasion and siege of Kars liberal circles critical of war Ministry of Education Ministry of Finance Ministry of the Interior Ministry of War national myth of Sevastopol need for modern infrastucture need to modernize defences an Orthodox Crusade Paris Peace Congress (1856) peace feelers to Austrians and French (1855) perceived threat to India plans for a partisan war and Poland possibility of revolutionary disturbances preparedness for war (1853) pressures Ottomans over French demands railways rapprochement with France reaction to Bulgarian atrocities reactions to the War reformist spirit relations with America religious destiny of resentment against Europe response to defeat at Inkerman response to Franco-Austrian proposals for peace (1855) response to loss of Sevastopol response to 1848 revolutions in Europe rumours about death of Tsar Nicholas rumours about freedom for serfs who enlist rumours of international events and actions San Stefano Treaty seen as enemy of liberty by France serf emancipation serf illiteracy serf uprisings Serpent Island occupied state commemorations of Sevastopol struggle to control buffer zones support for France over Austrian War (1859) support for Ottomans against Egypt (1833) support for Prussia support for Serbia tests the Paris Peace Treaty (1856) thought of as semi-Asiatic uncivilized Three Emperors’ League (1873) tight press censorship trade competition with Britain Treaty with Great Britain and France (1827) Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi and wars with Muslim neighbours ‘weak neighbour’ policy
see also
Alexander II, Tsar; Nicholas I, Tsar; pan-Slavism; Soviet Union
Russian army: forced to withdraw from Warsaw (1830) defeats the Poles (1831) army reforms dead and wounded defeats Hungarians (1849) defences thinly spread desertions in Bucharest desertions at Chernaia river desertions from Sevastopol diet in Danube delta drinking entertainments harsh treatment of serf soldiers (Tolstoy) indecisive skirmishes with Ottomans (1853) losses due to disease in campaigns medical help from the USA medical treatment before Pirogov military justice system mobilized to attack Turks (1852) preparedness for war (1853) punishments reinforcements from Danubian front revenge attacks on Bulgarian Muslims rumours about freedom for serfs who enlist Russo-Turkish War (1877 – 8) satirical song a soldiers comment on the death of the Tsar soldiers letters home technologically backward uniforms universal conscription victory in the Caucasus withdrawal from San Stefano to Danube
Russian army, Crimean timeline: transferred from Caucasus to Danubian front Silistria offensive and siege retreat from Silistria and Danube at Alma looting after Alma rearguard escapes Nolan’s Hussars defence of Sevastopol at Balaklava reinforcements from Bessarabia at Inkerman atrocities after Inkerman fails to press home advantage in winter of 1854 – 55 supply problems because of siege night raids on allied trenches fraternization with allied troops allied bombardment of Sevastopol defence of Mamelon and Quarry Pits defence of Malakhov and the Redan rumours of mutiny council of war discusses possible attacks (August 1855) attack on French and Sardinians at Chernaia river Balaklava hand over (July 1856)
Russian army,
units and regiments
: 4th Corps 5th Division 10th Division 11th Division 12th Infantry Division 15th Reserve Infantry Division Borodinsky Regiment Cossack cavalry Ekaterinburg Regiment Kamchatka Regiment Kazan Regiment Kiev Hussars Kolyvansky Regiment Minsk Regiment Moscow Regiment Okhotsky Regiment Polish Lancers Selenginsky Regiment Tarutinsky Regiment Tomsky Regiment Ukrainsky Regiment Vladimirsky Regiment Yakutsky Regiment American volunteers ‘Greek-Slavonic Legion’
Russian Invalid
(army magazine)
Russian navy: mobilized to seize Constantinople seizure of the
Vixen
at Sinope (1853) ships blown up to block harbour service in the bastions defence of Sevastopol pontoon bridge built sailors refuse to leave Sevastopol last of Black Sea Fleet sunk French help to modernize fleet Black sea fleet recommissioned (1872)
Russians, new settlers in the Crimea
Russkii mir
(pan-Slav journal)
Russo-Turkish wars (1787 – 92) (1806 – 12) (1828 – 9) (1877 – 8)
see also
religious wars
Russophobia: in Britain Europe wide in France
Rustem Pasha (i/c Turkish troops Balaklava)
Ruthenian (Uniate) Catholics
Ryzhov, General (Russian cavalry)