The Classical World (104 page)

S. Weinstock,
Divus Julius
(1971), 133–345, is the outstanding study still, in my judgement, with I. Gradel,
Emperor Worship and Roman Religion
(2002), 54–72. Elizabeth Rawson,
Roman Culture and Society
(1991), 169–88 on the ‘kingship’, and pages 488–507, especially, on Cassius, with David Sedley, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1997), 41–53; Stephen G. Chrissanthos, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(2001), 63–71, on money; M. W. Frederiksen, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1966), 128–41 on debt, with G. E. M. de Sainte Croix,
The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World
(1981), 166 and notes 60–63. P. A. Brunt, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1986), 12–32, on Cicero’s dilemma; R. B. Ulrich, in
American Journal of Archaeology
(1993), 49–80, on the new Forum; C. Habicht,
Cicero the Politician
(1990), chapter 6, on Cicero; Z. Yavetz,
Caesar and His Public Image
(1983), 101–6, on Caesar’s legislation; Tenney Frank,
An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome
, volume I (1933), 316–18, on the colonies, and pages 333–42 on funding, is still excellent. J. P. V. D. Balsdon, in
Historia
(1958), 80–94, a classic on the Ides and motives, though not the last word.

R. Syme,
The Roman Revolution
(1939; revised edn., 1951) is a classic, but I am one of those who find it a very difficult read. Henriette van der Blom, in
Classica et Mediaevalia
(2003), 287–320, is now an excellent and much clearer account of Cicero in 44–43
BC
; compare Elizabeth Rawson,
Cicero
(1975), 260–98. The new emphasis of importance is on Sextus Pompeius, in Anton Powell and Kathryn Welch (eds.),
Sextus Pompeius
(2002); on the Liberators, Elizabeth Rawson,
Roman Culture and Society
(1991), 488–507; Lawrence Keppie,
The Making of the Roman Army
(1984), 112–21, 199–204; S. Weinstock,
Divus Julius
(1971), 346–47 is masterly here too. T. N. Mitchell,
Cicero the Senior Statesman
(1991), chapter 7, is well documented; R. Syme,
Sallust
(1964) is an important study.

R. Syme,
The Roman Revolution
(1939; revised edn., 1951), chapters XII to XXI, a classic, but reductionist; Pat Southern,
Mark Antony
(1998) is a simple start on Antony; Ellen Rice,
Cleopatra
(1999), likewise. Major changes since Syme’s book include awareness of the ‘fourth man’, in Anton Powell and Kathryn Welch (eds.),
Sextus Pompeius
(2002) and much more work on monuments and publicity. Paul Zanker,
The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus
(1988), 5–78, a fine study, with the excellent article of K. Scott, in
Memoirs of the American Academy at Rome
(1933), 7–49; the good survey of 36–28
BC
by Fergus Millar, in
La Revolution romaine après Ronald Syme
, Entretiens Fondation Hardt XLVI (1999), 1–38, with the others in the volume, especially John Scheid, pages 39–72, on religion. Syme’s contribution is reconsidered by H. Galsterer and Z. Yavetz, in Kurt A Raaflaub and Mark Toher (eds.),
Between Republic and Empire
(1990), 1–41. The marriage of
Antony and Cleopatra and Cleopatra’s death raise questions too, beyond Syme’s book: John Whitehorne,
Cleopatras
(1994), especially pages 186–96, and Duane W. Roller,
The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene
(2003), an excellent study. Jacob Isager,
Foundation and Destruction of Nicopolis and Northeastern Greece
(2001), for one aftermath; Joyce Reynolds,
Aphrodisias and Rome
(1982) for the important documents.

W. K. Lacey,
Augustus and the Principate: The Evolution of the System
(1996) is a very useful collection of studies; P. A. Brunt, in
La rivoluzione romana
, Biblioteca de Labeo, 6 (1982), 236–44 is best on 27
BC
; D. Stockton, in
Historia
(1965), 18–40, adopts 23
BC
for the trial which I have put now in 22
BC
; P. A. Brunt and J. M. Moore,
Res Gestae Divi Augusti
(1967) with translation and excellent commentary, especially on 19
BC
; A. H. M. Jones,
Studies in Roman Government and Law
(1960), 1–17 is a lucid basis for much since written in dialogue with it; M. T. Griffin, in Loveday Alexander (ed.),
Images of Empire
(1991), 19–46, questions the overtones of the ‘tribunician’ side to 23
BC
. A. Wallace-Hadrill, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1982), 32–48, on the emperor’s many-sided image; P. A. Brunt, in
Classical Quarterly
(1984), 423–44, on the Senate’s continuing functions, if not power.

M. Beard, J. North and S. R. F. Price,
Religions of Rome
, volume I (1998), 114–210, is an excellent, questioning survey, with J. Liebeschuetz,
Continuity and Change in Roman Religion
(1979), chapter 2; P. A. Brunt,
Italian Manpower
(1971), 558–66, is important; Catherine Edwards,
The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome
(1983) gives the context verywell; S. Treggiari,
Roman Marriage
(1991) is a classic, especially pages 60–80, 277–98 and 450–61. J. A. Crook,
Law and Life of Rome
(1967), 99–118, especially on the rather varied implications of the changes in ‘manus’ marriage; Beryl Rawson (ed.),
The Family in Ancient Rome
(1986) is still a fine collection throughout, including J. A. Crook on the (later) wariness about women making loans (pages 83–92); Beryl Rawson,
Marriages, Divorce and Children in Ancient Rome
(1991) is also excellent, especially chapters 1–5; Jane F. Gardner,
Women in Roman Law and Society
(1995, 2nd edn.) is a fundamental guide; Susan Dixon,
Childhood, Class and Kin
(2001) is relevant too. Jasper Griffin, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1976), 87, and R. G. M. Nisbet, ibid. (1987), 184–90, debate the poets and their context; Peter Green,
Classical Bearings
(1989), 210–22
is excellent on Ovid’s exile. A. M. Duff,
Freedmen in the Early Roman Empire
(1928), 12–35 and 72–88 and K. R. Bradley,
Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire
(1984) untangle the laws on slaves very well.

D. S. Potter and D. J. Mattingly (eds.),
Life, Death and Entertainment in the Roman Empire
(1998) is an excellent collection to which I owe much. Richard C. Beacham,
Spectacle Entertainments of Early Imperial Rome
(1999) is excellent, with good bibliographies. K. M. Coleman, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1990), 44–73, and (1993), 48–74, are excellent studies; R. E. Fantham, in
Classical World
(1989), 153–63, on mimes; on pantomime, E. J. Jory, in
Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
(1981), 147–61, and in W. J. Slater (ed.),
Roman Theatre and Society
(1996), 1–28, a valuable collection throughout; C. P. Jones, in W. J. Slater (ed.),
Dining in a Classical Context
(1991), 185–98, on theatre over dinner; Garrett G. Fagan,
Bathing in Public in the Roman World
(1999), with translated texts; J. H. Humphrey,
Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing
(1986) is invaluable; Eckart Köhne and Cornelia Ewigleben,
Gladiators and Caesars
(2000) is veryvivid; Adriano La Regina (ed.),
Sangue e arena
(2001) is outstandingly good; David Potter, in Martin M. Winkler (ed.),
Gladiator: Film and History
(2004) gives an excellent account of gladiators’ careers; Donald G. Kyle,
Spectacles of Death in the Roman Amphitheatre
(1998), full of explanatory theories too; D. C. Bomgardner,
The Story of the Roman Amphitheater
(2000), a social history; Keith Hopkins,
Death and Renewal
(1983), chapter 1; Bettina Bergmann and Christine Kondoleon (eds.),
The Art of Ancient Spectacle
(1999), an excellent collection; B. M. Levick, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1983), 97–115, is the classic study of official reactions, and Elizabeth Rawson,
Roman Culture and Society
(1991), 508–45 of theatre-regulations and the Lex Julia; Kathleen M. Coleman, in Kathleen Lomas and Tim Cornell (eds.),
Bread and Circuses
(2002), 61–88, on the location of Augustan shows.

J. J. Wilkins (ed.),
Documenting the Roman Army: Essays in Honour of Margaret Roxan
(2003, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies) is an excellent collection of essays, especially W. Eck on the emperor’s role in issuing ‘diplomas’; L. R. Keppie,
The Making of the Roman Army
(1984), 132–216, is excellent on the change from Civil War to the age of Augustus; J. B. Campbell,
The Emperor and the Roman Army, 31
BC
–
AD
235
(1984),
17–242 and 300–316, is basic on the emperor’s role and the giving of privileges; G. R. Watson,
The Roman Soldier
(1969) is lively and P. Connelly,
The Roman Army
(1975) is by an author who is interested in reconstructing the realities; G. Webster,
The Roman Imperial Army
(1985, 3rd edn.); Brian Campbell,
The Roman Army, 31
BC
–
AD
337
(1994) is a very good source-book; Harry Sidebottom,
Ancient Warfare: A Very Short Introduction
(2004) is outstandingly good, with a very good bibliography. I incline to the studies by M. P. Speidel,
Riding for Caesar
(1994) and Ann Hyland,
Equus: The Horse in the Roman World
(1990), especially on saddles and harness. Jonathan Roth,
The Logistics of the Roman Army
(1999) is of wide relevance; T. J. Cornell, in J. Rich and G. Shipley (eds.),
War and Society in the Roman World
(1993), 139–70, surveys Roman military expansion in the early imperial age; J. N. Adams, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1994), 87–112 and ibid. (1999), 109–34, two fascinating studies of soldiers’ Latin in north Africa.

M. Beard, J. North and S. R. F. Price (eds.),
Religions of Rome
, volume I (1998), 182–210, on rites and temples; D. C. Feeney,
Literature and Religion at Rome
(1998), 28–38; A. D. Nock,
Essays on Religion and the Ancient World
, volume I (1972), 16–25 and 348–56. Greg Rowe,
Princes and Political Cultures
(2003), especially pages 102–24 on Pisa and elsewhere; Beth Severy,
Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire
(2003) is excellent; N. Purcell, in
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
(1986), 78–105, and M. Boudreau Flory, in
Historia
(1984), 309–330, are important on Livia; N. Horsfall,
The Culture of the Roman Plebs
(2003); P. Zanker,
The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus
(1988), 79–297, extremely readable; Kurt A. Raaflaub and Mark Toher (eds.),
Between Republic and Empire
(1990), especially T. J. Luce, pages 123–38, B. A. Kellner, pages 276–307, and K. Raaflaub, pages 428–54; F. G. B. Millar and E. Segal (eds.),
Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects
(1984), especially Millar, pages 37–60, and W. Eck, pages 129–68, in an excellent collection; A. H. M. Jones,
Criminal Courts of the Roman Republic and Principate
(1972); F. G. B. Millar,
The Emperor in the Roman World
(1977), 363–550, on embassies and justice; A. W. Lintott,
Imperium Romanum
(1993), 115–20.

T. P. Wiseman,
Roman Studies: Literary and Historical
(1987) cautions that, strictly, there was no Julio-Claudian ‘dynasty’, but the Julian
gens
and the imperial
domus
, so that Claudius is strictly an interloper: pages 96 and 376–7. Thorough biographies now guide us through all the issues: Barbara Levick,
Tiberius the Politician
(1999, 2nd edn.); G. P. Baker,
Tiberius Caesar: Emperor of Rome
(2001, reissue) is vivid; A. A. Barrett,
Caligula: The Corruption of Power
(1993); Barbara Levick,
Claudius
(1993); Miriam Griffin,
Nero: The End of a Dynasty
(1984); Edward Champlin,
Nero
(2003); Jas Elsner and Jamie Masters (eds.),
Reflections of Nero
(1994), on the culture and legacy. On their settings, Clemens Krause,
Villa Jovis: Die Residenz der Tiberius auf Capri
(2003) is excellent, with A. F. Stewart, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1977), 76–94; Elisabeth Segala and Ida Sciortino,
Domus Aurea
(1999), on Nero’s awful House. On two of the women, Nikos Kokkinos,
Antonia Augusta: Portrait of a Great Roman Lady
(2002), updated for new evidence; Anthony Barrett,
Agrippina
(1996). Greg Rowe,
Princes and Political Culture: The New Tiberian Senatorial Decrees
(2002) discusses the remarkable new finds of inscriptions. Doreen Innes and Barbara Levick, in
Omnibus II
(1989), 17–19, on empresses’ toothpaste.

Barbara Levick,
The Government of the Roman Empire
(2000, 2nd edn.) is an outstanding commentary on major texts in translation; P. A. Brunt,
Roman Imperial Themes
(1990) is now the classic study, especially chapters 4 (on which I differ, somewhat), 6, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 14–18; A. H. M. Jones,
The Roman Economy
, edited by P. A. Brunt (1974), chapters 1, 2 and 8 are also fundamental; Andrew Lintott,
Imperium Romanum
(1993) is an excellent synthesis; S. R. F. Price,
Rituals and Power
(1984), chapter 3–8, on cults of the empires in the Greek East. J. A. Crook,
Law and Life of Rome
(1967), chapters 2, 3 and 8 are still valuable; Stephen Mitchell,
Anatolia: Land, Men and Gods in Asia Minor
, volume I (1993), is an exemplary study of Asia Minor’s provinces; Alan K. Bowman,
Egypt after the Pharaohs
(1986) and Naphtali Lewis,
Life in Egypt under Roman Rule
(1983) are excellent introductions to the best-documented area; C. R. Whittaker,
Frontiers of the Roman Empire
(1994) is a series of social and economic studies; F. G. B. Millar,
The Roman Empire and its Neighbours
(1981, 2nd edn.) is a good collection on the world beyond.