Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II (82 page)

31

Schieder, vol. IV:
Czechoslovakia,
p. 75, and eyewitness reports 27 and 59 on pp. 392, 441.

32

Ibid., pp. 75, 88, and eyewitness report of Dr Hermann Ebert, Report 66, p. 450.

33

Ibid., Report 24, pp. 373-4.

34

Adler, p. 214.

35

Kaps, Reports 193 and 195, p. 535.

36

Poster reproduced from Anon.,
Tragedy of a People: Racialism in CzechoSlovakia
(New York: American Friends of Democratic Sudetens, 1946), p. 2.

37

Later redesignated a ‘labour camp’, but the ethos did not change. See Dziurok, p. 17.

38

Gruschka, p. 42.

39

Testimony by Jadwiga Sonsala, doc. 35 in Dziurok, p. 115; see also Henryk Grus testimony, doc. 38 ibid., p. 120.

40

Testimony of Henryk Wowra, doc. 47 in Dziurok, p. 146.

41

According to Gruschka, p. 47. See also Dziurok, p. 146.

42

According to Edmund Kami
ski, quoted in Dziurok, p. 133.

43

Testimony of Jadwiga Sonsala, doc. 35 in Dziurok, p. 115; Gruschka, pp. 48—9, 56.

44

Gruschka, pp. 55—6; and Nikodem Osma
czyk testimony, doc. 39 in Dziurok, pp. 123—4.

45

See Henryk Grus testimony, doc. 38 in Dziurok, pp. 121—2; and Gruschka, p. 50.

46

Dziurok, p. 27; and testimony by Józef Burda, doc. 42, pp. 130—31.

47

Testimony of Henryk Wowra, doc. 47 in Dziurok, pp. 25—6.

48

Doc. 7,
wi
tochłowice statistical report, 1 August 1945, doc. 7 in Dziurok, pp. 46—7.

49

Dziurok, pp. 21—5.

50

Doc. 6 in Dziurok, p. 45.

51

Gerhard Gruschka testimony, doc. 46 in Dziurok, p. 144.

52

Gruschka, p. 59.

53

Statement by R.W. F. Bashford, TNA: PRO FO 371/46990.

54

Testimony by Günther Wollny, German Federal Archives Ost-Dok 2/236C/297, quoted in Sack, pp. 109, 204.

55

See docs. 9 and 10 in Dziurok, pp. 49—50.

56

Doc. 21 in Dziurok, p. 78; see also pp. 17, 31.

57

Kaps, Report 195, pp. 537—8.

58

Sack, p. 67.

59

Kaps, Report 192, p. 532.

60

According to eyewitness report by ‘P.L.’ of Łód
, in Schieder, vol. I:
Oder-
Neisse, Report 268, pp. 270—78.

61

Testimonies by Christa-Helene Gause von Shirach and E. Zindler in Bundesarchiv, Ost-Dok 2/148/103 and Ost-Dok 2/64/18, quoted in Sack, p. 110.

62

Anonymous testimony, quoted in Esser, p. 40.

63

Anonymous testimony, quoted ibid., p. 41.

64

Anonymous testimony, quoted ibid., p. 42.

65

Anonymous testimony, quoted ibid., pp. 43—5.

66

Edmund Nowak, ‘Obóz Pracy w Łambinwicach (1945—1946)’, in Nowak, pp. 277—8.

67

Anonymous testimony, quoted in Esser, p. 38.

68

Anonymous testimony, quoted ibid., pp. 35, 37.

69

Anonymous testimony, quoted ibid., p. 46.

70

Anonymous testimony, quoted ibid., p. 40.

71

Anonymous testimony, quoted ibid., p. 39.

72

Anonymous testimony, quoted ibid., p. 33.

73

Nowak, p. 284.

74

Anonymous testimony, quoted in Esser, p. 39.

75

Anonymous testimony, quoted ibid., pp. 38, 44.

76

Ibid., pp. 51—61.

77

Anonymous testimony, quoted ibid., p. 32; and Polish Communist account quoted ibid., p. 59.

78

Ibid., p. 26; cf. his testimony in Kaps, Report 193, p. 534, which is identical except for the figures.

79

According to one of the prosecutors, Frantiszek Lewandowski, quoted in the
Sunday Telegraph,
3 December 2000.

80

Esser, pp. 60, 98.

81

Nowak, pp. 283—4; Borodziej and Lemberg, vol. II, p. 379; Esser, pp. 99—127.

82

Spieler, p. 40.

83

Borodziej and Lemberg, vol. I, p. 98. Interestingly, this document claimed that the figure for Zgoda/
wi
tochłowice was a mere thirty deaths, and Lamsdorf/ Łambinowice did not even figure.

84

See, for example, Ursula Haverbeck-Wetzel interview in Charlie Russell’s TV documentary for the BBC,
The Last Nazis,
Part II, Minnow Films, 2009.

85

Order no. 19 from the Department of Prisons and Camps of the Ministry for Public Security: in Borodziej and Lemberg, vol. I, doc. 25, pp. 151—2.

86

Dziurok, pp. 93—100. See also
www.ipn.gov.pl/portal.php?serwis=en&dzial=2&id=71&search=10599
, accessed 3 October 2011.

CHAPTER 13 — THE ENEMY WITHIN

1

Defense de la France and Oslo Dagbladet
; quoted in Novick,
Resistance versus Vichy,
p. 31 and Dahl, pp. 154—8.

2

TNA: PRO FO 371/38896, Major D. Morton, ‘Conditions in France and Belgium’, 3 October 1944. See also Conway, pp. 137—42.

3

Voute, p. 181.

4

TNA: PRO FO 371/48994, Sir H. Knatchbull-Hugessen to Churchill, 2 July 1945; see also Bodson, pp. 144—5.

5

Philip Morgan, pp. 224—6.

6

Pelle, pp. 193—5.

7

A report made by a doctor at the Drancy internment camp on the outskirts of Paris lists forty-nine people who were severely beaten during interrogation and sustained massive bruising, broken skulls and facial bones, burns to the soles of the feet and, in one case, injuries caused by prolonged electric shocks to the vagina and rectum: see Bourdrel, pp. 109—15. For other examples see ibid., pp. 509—10, 585—6; Fabienne Frayssinet, ‘Quatre saisons dans les geôles de la IV
^e
Republique’,
Écrits de Paris,
July 1949, pp. 114—25; Aron, p. 572; Virgili, pp. 139—40.

8

La Terre Vivaroise,
29 October 1944, quoted in Bourdrel, pp. 316—17.

9

De Gaulle quoted by Philippe Boegner in Beevor and Cooper, p. 63; radio announcement 14 August 1944, quoted in Bourdrel, p. 346.

10

Journal Officiel,
Parliamentary Debates, 27 December 1944, pp. 604—7; 12 March 1954, p. 831. See also Novick,
Resistance versus Vichy,
p. 84, and the discussion of figures in Berlière, pp. 321—5.

11

Beevor and Cooper, pp. 111—12.

12

Judt, p. 65; Sonja van’t Hof, ‘A Kaleidoscope of Victimhood — Belgian Experiences of World War II’, in Withuis and Mooij, p. 57.

13

For Belgium see Judt, p. 44; for Czechoslovakia see Annex 19 in Schieder, vol. IV:
Czechoslovakia,
p. 276; for Italy see Alessandrini, p. 64.