Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II (79 page)
Read Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II Online
Authors: Keith Lowe
Derek L. Henry, IWM Docs, 06/126/1, typescript memoir, p. 95.
Spottiswoode speech from Movietone film quoted in Shephard,
After Day-break,
pp. 76—7.
Abzug, p. 93.
Israel Gutman quoted in Gilbert,
The Day the War Ended,
p. 391.
Clay quoted in Gringauz, ‘Our New German Policy’, p. 510.
Ben Helfgott, personal interview, 19 May 2008.
Quoted in Gilbert,
The Boys,
p. 252.
Pinkus Kurnedz interview, IWM Sound, 9737, reel 3.
Szmulek Gontarz interview, IWM Sound, 10348, reel 4.
Alfred ‘Freddy’ Knoller interview, IWM Sound, 9092, reel 12.
Quoted in Gilbert, The Boys, p. 251.
Quoted ibid., p. 256.
Max Dessau interview, IWM Sound, 9236, reel 4.
Kurt Klappholz interview, IWM Sound, 9425, reel 23.
Peter Leo Frank interview, IWM Sound, 16690, reel 4.
Alfred Huberman interview, IWM Sound, 18050, reel 6.
Cohen, pp. 191—217; Sedlis quoted p. 191; slogan quoted p. 224. See also Mankowitz, pp. 236—8; and the more sensationalist account by Elkins, pp. 193—249, who changed the names of those he interviewed.
According to the
New York Times,
24 April 1946, 2,238 prisoners fell sick, but none died. Other writers claim that this was a fiction created by American officials wishing to cover up their own lapses in security. See Cohen, p. 212.
Cohen, pp. 221—38.
Shlomo Frenkel, quoted in Mankowitz, p. 239.
CHAPTER 10 — VENGEANCE RESTRAINED: SLAVE LABOURERS
Novick,
The Holocaust and Collective Memory, passim.
Hitchcock, pp. 245—6.
Abzug, p. 61.
Tooze, p. 517.
Beck, p. 164.
Kardorff, pp. 152—3.
Beck, p. 143.
Major R. C. Seddon, IWM Docs 93/19/1, typescript diary, entries for 6 and 12 April 1945.
Major A. G. Moon, IWM Docs 06/126/1, typescript memoir, p. 46.
Botting, p. 282.
See, for example, Major A. J. Forrest, IWM Docs 91/13/1, typescript memoir, ch. 16, p. 4; ch. 18, pp. 11—12.
Bernard Warach, UNRRA welfare officer, quoted in Wyman, p. 38.
Derek L. Henry, IWM Docs 06/126/1, typescript memoir, pp. 92—3.
Mrs M. Heath, Welfare Officer of DP centre at Hanau, IWM Docs 98/25/1, manuscript diary, entry for 7 May 1945.
David Campbell of 180th Engineers, quoted in Abzug, p. 72.
Moorehead, pp. 241—2.
R. J. Hunting, IWM Docs 10519 P339, typescript memoir, p. 368; Mosley, p. 72.
Major A. J. Forrest, IWM Docs 91/13/1, typescript memoir, ch. 18, p. 7.
Ibid., ch. 17, p. 6.
Mosley, p. 80.
Ibid., p. 69.
Ibid., pp. 69—70.
Ibid., pp. 73, 80, 81.
Davidson, p. 54.
R. J. Hunting, IWM Docs 10519 P339, typescript memoir, pp. 378—9.
Major A. G. Moon, IWM Docs 06/126/1, typescript memoir, p. 34.
TNA: PRO FO 945/595, General Montgomery telegram to Foreign Office, 6 August 1945.
Undated newspaper clipping kept by Katherine Morris: ‘Death warning to food rioters: U.S. may invoke military law’, IWM Docs, 91/27/1.
Major A. G. Moon, IWM Docs 06/126/1, typescript memoir, p. 34.
For types and conditions of DP camps, see Wyman, pp. 38—60. For conditions in 1946 onwards, see Shephard,
Long Road Home,
pp. 267—99.
TNA: PRO FO 371/47719, telegram C-in-C Germany’s political adviser to Foreign Office, 11 August 1945.
TNA: PRO FO 1005/1631 — ‘Report on life in Germany during October 1945′, p. 3; and Hitchcock, p. 279.
TNA: PRO FO 1032/1933 — JIC report, ‘Possible dangers to the occupying power during the coming winter’, 29 November 1945.
Lt Gen. Frederick Morgan to Foreign Office, IWM Docs 02/49/1.
See, for example, Moorehead, p. 240; Botting, p. 46; Andreas-Friedrich, p. 43.
See, for example, TNA: PRO FO 1005/1631 -‘Report on conditions in Germany during May 1946’.
Major A. G. Moon, IWM Docs 06/126/1, typescript memoir, p. 69.
Quoted in Shephard,
Long Road Home,
pp. 68-9.
Quoted in Hitchcock, p. 252. These observations were backed up by military personnel: see Coles and Weinberg, p. 858.
Francesca Wilson, p. 131.
Quoted in Hitchcock, p. 332.
Shephard,
Long Road Home,
p. 167; Hitchcock, pp. 275-6.
Kay Hulme, quoted in Shephard,
Long Road Home,
p. 167.
UNRRA mission statement, according to Kay Hulme, quoted in Hitchcock, p. 167.
Wyman, pp. 99—104.
Ibid., pp. 117—21.
Kay Hulme, quoted in Shephard,
Long Road Home,
p. 166.
Ibid., pp. 173, 204.
Ibid., p. 143.
Ibid., pp. 152—4. See also Acheson, p. 201; Hitchcock, p. 216.
Yvette Rubin story related by Jean Newman, quoted in Hitchcock, pp. 248—9.
Quoted ibid., p. 252.
CHAPTER 11 — GERMAN PRISONERS OF WAR
Churchill, vol. V, pp. 330; and Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 188—90.
For various readings of this episode see, for example, Rees,
Behind Closed Doors,
pp. 229—32; Beschloss, pp. 26—8; Burleigh,
Moral Combat,
pp. 351—2; Sebag-Montefiore, pp. 415—16.
Beschloss, p. 179.
Werner Ratza, ‘Anzahl und Arbeitsleistungen der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen’, in Maschke, vol. XV:
Zusammenfassung,
p. 208.
See Botting, p. 112; Eisenhower, p. 464; Overmans, ‘German Historiography’, P.143.
Tomasevich, p. 756.
Kurt W. Böhme in Maschke, vol. X:
In amerikanischer Hand,
p. 11. See also Overmans, ‘German Historiography’, pp. 143, 147, 155.
Kurt W. Böhme in Maschke, vol. X:
In amerikanischer Hand,
p. 15.
See, for example, General Lee’s memo to SHAEF, 2 June 1945, in NARA, quoted in Bacque, p. 51.
See, for example, Kurt W. Böhme in Maschke, vol. X:
In amerikanischer Hand, passim;
and Bischof and Ambrose,
passim.
Anonymous diary of a German sergeant, entries for 17 and 20 May 1945, quoted by Kurt W. Böhme in Maschke, vol. X:
In amerikanischer Hand,
pp. 309-13.
Kurt W. Böhme in Maschke, vol. X:
In amerikanischer Hand,
p. 150.
Ibid., p. 148.
Ibid.,pp. 151—2, 154.
Quoted in Bacque, p. 40.
Quoted by Kurt W. Böhme in Maschke, vol. X:
In amerikanischer Hand,
pp. 152, 154.
See Bacque,
passim;
Bischof and Ambrose,
passim.
Werner Ratza, ‘Anzahl und Arbeitsleistungen der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen’, in Maschke, vol. XV:
Zusammenfassung,
pp. 207, 224—6. According to parish records, an additional 774 from smaller camps also died: see Kurt W. Böhme in Maschke, vol. X:
In amerikanischer Hand,
pp. 204—5.
See, for example, Albert E. Cowdrey, ‘A Question of Numbers’, in Bischof and Ambrose, p. 91; and Overmans, ‘German Historiography’, p. 169.
Werth, p. 413.
Quoted in Service, p. 284. See also Werth, p. 417, who quotes this poem slightly differently.
Quoted in de Zayas,
Terrible Revenge,
p. 40. For alternative renditions of this passage see also Werth, p. 414, and Tolstoy, pp. 267—8.
Krasnaya Zvezda,
13 August 1942, quoted in Werth, p. 414.
De Zayas,
Terrible Revenge,
p. 40.
Beevor, Berlin, p. 199.
Défense de la France,
no. 44 (15 March 1944).
Von Einsiedel, p. 168.
See, for example, von Einsiedel, p. 164; Beevor,
Stalingrad,
pp. 386, 408.
Rupi
et al., docs. 10 and 60 (pp. 60, 171); Kurt W. Böhme in Maschke, vol. I:
Jugoslawien,
pp. 104—34.
Istituto Centrale di Statistica, p. 10.
Giurescu, p. 157.
Schieder, vol. II,
Hungary,
p. 46. Glanz, p. 169, puts the figure higher at 850,000—900,000.
Toth, p. 5.
Schuetz, p. 21.
See, for example, Becker, pp. 73—4; and Toth, p. 7. Prisoners of the Yugoslav Partisans were also often denied water: see, for example, Kurt W. Böhme in Maschke, vol. X:
In amerikanischer Hand,
pp. 218—19.
Beevor,
Stalingrad,
pp. 408—9; Becker, pp. 77—81.
Becker, p. 87; Toth, p. 48.
Toth, p. 48.
Becker, p. 184.
Von Einsiedel, p. 206.
See Bischof and Ambrose,
passim.
Source: Werner Ratza, ‘Anzahl und Arbeitsleistungen der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen‘, in Maschke, vol. XV:
Zusammenfassung,
pp. 207, 224—26. In the 1990s Rüdiger Overmans compared these figures with several other sets of available data and found them to be broadly accurate; see his ‘German Historiography’, pp. 146—63.
Overmans, ‘German Historiography’, p. 152.
Ibid., p. 148.
Werner Ratza, ‘Anzahl und Arbeitsleistungen der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen’, in Maschke, vol. XV:
Zusammenfassung,
pp. 194—5.
Ibid., pp. 194—7.
Brian Loring Villa, ‘The Diplomatic and Political Context of the POW Camps Tragedy’, in Bischof and Ambrose, pp. 67—8.
Roosevelt quoted in Beschloss, p. 28.
For the original document see Morgenthau, prelim. pages; for discussion and agreement see Beschloss, pp. 125—31; Rees,
Behind Closed Doors
, pp. 302—8.
International Committee of the Red Cross, pp. 333—5.
CHAPTER 12 — VENGEANCE UNRESTRAINED: EASTERN EUROPE
See Gary B. Cohen,
The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague 1861
—
1914
(Princeton University Press, 1981), pp. 274—82.
While such torments were usually reserved for soldiers and SS men, occasionally civilians were also treated in the same way; see Stan
k,
Verfolgung 1945,
p. 95.
