Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness (219 page)

Axillary artery,
92
f
,
98

Axillary nerve,
161
,
162
f

Axillary nodes,
131

Axillary vein,
93
f
,
99
f

Axis (bone),
392–393
,
392
f

Axolemma,
140

Axons,
139–140

response to injury,
145
,
145
f
See also
Nerve fibres

Azygos vein,
99
,
100
f
,
288

B

Bacillary dysentery,
319

Back muscles,
414–415
,
415
f

Bacteraemia,
121–122

Bacteraemic shock,
111

Bacterial infections

bone,
421

central nervous system,
177

intestine,
317–319b

skin,
362

upper respiratory tract,
254–255

Bagassosis,
259t

Balance,
189–190

Balanitis,
455

Ball and socket joints,
403

Baroreceptor reflex,
88
,
89
f

Baroreceptors,
88
,
95

Barrett's oesophagus,
314

Bartholin's glands,
439

Basal cell carcinoma, skin,
364

Basal ganglia,
139
,
149
,
150
f

Basal metabolic rate (BMR),
306

Basement membrane,
34

Bases, nucleotide,
429

Basilar artery,
96
,
96
f

Basilar membrane,
188
,
189
f

Basilic vein,
93
f
,
99
,
99
f

Basophils,
62–63

counts,
62
t
,
466

B-cells
See
B-lymphocytes

Beans,
267

Bedsores (pressure ulcers),
363

Bell's palsy,
181

Bends, the,
113

Benign prostatic enlargement,
456

Benign tumours,
49
,
49t
,
50
,
51

Beriberi,
271

Betz's cells,
150
,
157

Bicarbonate,
252
,
338

Biceps femoris muscle,
419

Biceps (brachii) muscle,
405
,
417–418
,
417
f

tendon of long head,
404
,
404
f
,
417–418

Bicipital groove,
397
,
397
f
,
404
,
417–418

Bile,
270
,
281
,
295–296

acids,
303

canaliculi,
301
,
302
f

composition,
295–296
,
303

digestive function,
295
,
305
t

flow,
304
f

pH of,
21
t
,
295

pigments in skin,
355

release from gall bladder,
296

salts,
295
,
296
,
303

secretion,
301

Bile ducts,
303–304
,
304
f

diseases of,
326–328

Biliary colic,
327

Biliary tract,
303–304

tumours,
327

Bilirubin,
296
,
303
,
303
f

formation,
60

in jaundice,
327–328

Biliverdin,
60

Binocular vision,
197
,
197
f

Biotin,
272

Bird handler's lung,
259t

Bladder, urinary,
330
,
339–340
,
340
f
,
341
f

autonomic control,
170

calculi,
347

control of emptying,
341–342
,
341
f
,
342
f

diseases of,
348–350

structure,
339–340

tumours,
349

Bleomycin,
259

Blepharitis,
203

Blind loop syndrome,
323

Blind spot,
192

Blindness

colour,
197
,
434
,
434
f

in diabetes mellitus,
229

night,
270

Blinking,
199

Blisters,
354

Blood,
8
,
38
,
53–72

cells,
8
,
8
f
,
56
,
57–65

circulation
See
Circulation

clotting
See
Coagulation

deoxygenated,
81
,
91
,
244

diseases, splenomegaly in,
136

functions,
56

osmotic pressure,
334
,
334
f
,
337

oxygenated,
81–82
,
244

pH of,
21
t
,
22
,
57

storage in spleen,
132

transport of gases,
57

tumour spread via,
51

universal donors,
61
,
61
f

Blood–brain barrier,
143–144
,
144
f

Blood count,
466

Blood flow

autoregulation,
77
,
88

blood vessel diameter and,
76

in inflammation,
367–368

local regulation,
77

slow, thrombus formation,
113

through heart,
81–82
,
81
f

Blood gases, arterial,
465

Blood groups,
60–61

Blood pressure (BP),
87–90
,
466

control of,
88–90
,
88
f
,
89
f
,
90
f
,
170

diastolic,
87

disorders of,
124–126

effect on stroke volume,
86

factors determining,
87–88

systolic,
87
See also
Hypertension
See also
Hypotension

Blood transfusion

incompatible,
60
,
61
f

reactions,
60
,
69

universal recipients,
61
,
61
f

Blood vessels,
8–9
,
74–78
,
74
f

blood supply to,
76

control of diameter,
76–77

damage to wall,
113

effects of hypertension,
125

pathology,
113–117

tumours of,
117
See also
Arteries
See also
Arterioles
See also
Capillaries
See also
Veins

Blood volume,
86

B-lymphocytes,
63
,
370

in antibody-mediated immunity,
371–372

clonal expansion,
371
,
371
f

memory,
371
f
,
372
,
373

T-cell interactions,
370
,
371
,
372
f

Body, human,
1–16

anatomical terms,
41
,
42
f
,
42
t

cavities,
45–48

levels of structural complexity,
4
,
5
f