Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness (217 page)

Alleles,
433

Allergen,
63
,
374

Allergic disorders

asthma,
257

conjunctivitis,
204

rhinitis,
254–255

Allergic reactions,
13
,
374

All-or-none law,
412

Altitude, high,
69

Alveolar hypoventilation,
264

Alveolar macrophages,
63

Alveolar ridges,
283
,
390

Alveolar ventilation,
250

Alveoli,
11
,
11
f
,
245–246

capillary network,
244
,
246
f

composition of air in,
250

gas exchange,
250–251

structure,
245
,
246
f

Alveolitis, extrinsic allergic,
259

Alzheimer's disease,
176

Amenorrhoea,
221

Amino acids,
23
,
23
f
,
268

absorption,
296

codons,
431

deamination,
302
,
309

energy release,
309

essential/non-essential,
268
,
269
b
,
308

excretion,
309

functions,
269

loss of,
309

metabolism,
269
,
308–309
,
308
f
,
309
f

pool,
308
,
308
f

sources,
309

transamination,
302

Ammonia,
309
,
338

Amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis),
319

Ampulla, hepatopancreatic,
293
,
300
,
300
f

Amylase

pancreatic,
295
,
305
t

salivary,
286
,
305
t

Anabolic reactions,
24–25

Anabolism,
12
,
305–306

Anaemia,
66–69

aplastic,
67

in chronic renal failure,
346

haemolytic,
67–69

iron deficiency,
66–67

megaloblastic,
67

normocytic, normochromic,
69

in peptic ulceration,
316

pernicious,
67

sickle cell,
67–68

signs and symptoms,
66

Anaerobic metabolism,
22–23
,
308

Anaerobic training,
412

Anaesthesia, dissociated,
181

Anal canal,
297–298

Anal columns,
298

Anal sphincters

autonomic control,
170

external,
298

internal,
298

Anaphase,
31
,
32
f

Anaphylaxis,
111
,
374
,
375f

Anaplasia, tumour cell,
50

Anatomical position,
41

Anatomical terms,
41
,
42
f
,
42
t

Anatomy,
4

Androgens

adrenal,
217
See also
Testosterone

Aneurysms,
115–116
,
115f

berry,
116
,
175–176

complicating atheroma,
115

dissecting,
116

fusiform,
116

saccular,
116

Angina pectoris,
66
,
114
,
120–121

Angiomas,
117

Angiotensin 1,
216
,
338

Angiotensin 2,
216
,
338

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE),
216
,
338

Angiotensinogen,
216
,
338

Angular cheilitis,
311

Anion,
20

Ankle

bones,
400
,
400
f

joint,
399
,
409
,
409
f

muscles/movements,
409
,
409
t

Ankylosing spondylitis,
423

Annular ligament,
405
,
405
f

Annulus fibrosus,
180
,
393–394

Anosmia,
200

ANP
See
Atrial natriuretic peptide

Anterior,
42
f
,
42
t

Anterior cerebral artery,
96
,
96
f

Anterior communicating artery,
96
,
96
f

Anterior inferior iliac spine,
398
f

Anterior jugular vein,
97
f

Anterior longitudinal ligament,
394
,
394
f

Anterior nerve root,
160

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis),
209–212
,
210
f

hormones,
209–212
,
211
f
,
211
t
,
212
t

hypersecretion,
221

hyposecretion,
222

influence of hypothalamus on,
209

Anterior rami,
160

Anterior superior iliac spine,
398
,
398
f
,
399
f

Anterior tibial artery,
92
f
,
103–104
,
104
f

Anterior tibial vein,
93
f

Anterior tibialis muscle,
419
f
,
420

Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea,
318

Antibodies,
36
,
56
,
367
,
371–372

placental transfer,
109
,
373

primary response,
372
,
372
f

secondary response,
372–373
,
372
f

types,
372
t

Antibody-mediated immunity,
370
,
371–372

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin),
90
,
212
,
213

deficiency,
222

functions,
213
,
335
,
337

pressor effect,
213

regulation of secretion,
213
,
335
,
335
f

secretion,
210
f

Antigen-presenting cells,
366
,
370

Antigens,
13
,
63
,
366

presentation,
370

recognition by B-lymphocytes,
371

Antimicrobial substances,
13
,
366–367

Antioxidants,
270
,
272

α
₁
Anti-trypsin deficiency,
256

Anuria,
343t
,
345–346

Anus,
298
,
298
f

Aorta,
81–82
,
94–105
,
94
f
,
106
f

abdominal,
94
f
,
100–102
,
101
f

arch of,
95
,
95
f