Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (88 page)

59
. Kachalova, ‘Istoriia’, p. 186.

60
. I. I. Shits, cited in I. V. Pavlova,
Stalinizm: Stanovlenie mekhanizma vlasti
(Novosibirsk, 1993), p. 77.

61
. Stalin’s date of birth was only one of many secrets that he kept by promoting a lie. See Robert Service,
Stalin: A Biography
(London, 2004), pp. 13–14.

62
. For a thorough exposition, see Pavlova,
Stalinizm,
esp. pp. 90–138.

63
. Pavlova,
Stalinizm,
p. 87.

64
. Pavlova,
Stalinizm,
p. 90.

65
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 248; for later telephone systems, see Kolesnichenko’s article on the subject in
Argumenty i fakty,
16 February 2011.

66
. For Molotov’s own comment on the bugging, see A. Resis, ed.,
Molotov Remembers: Conversations with Felix Chuev
(Chicago, 1993), p. 224. For the Kremlin systems more generally, see also Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
esp. pp. 232–48, Tamara Kondratieva,
Gouverner et nourrir: du pouvoir en Russie, XVIe–XXe siècles
(Paris, 2002), p. 173 (citing Presidential library staff), and Dokuchaev,
Moskva.,
p. 64.

67
. See Dmitrievsky,
Sovetskie portrety,
pp. 159–63, for a menu of police techniques.

68
. Boris Bazhanov, cited in Colton,
Moscow,
p. 162.

69
. B. S. Ilizarov,
Tainaia zhizn’ Stalina
(Moscow, 2002), pp. 152–3, testimony of aviator Yakovlev from 1939.

70
. Ibid., p. 152.

71
. Details from Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
pp. 378–82; see also Pavel Sudoplatov (who called on Stalin in sinister circumstances),
Spetsoperatsii: Lubianka i kreml’ 1930–1950 gody
(Moscow, 1997), p. 102. On Poskrebyshev and Stalin’s inner ‘kitchen’, see also Pavlova,
Stalinizm,
p. 137.

72
. The argument is elaborated at far greater length in Kondratieva,
Gouverner et nourrir.

73
. Pavlova,
Stalinizm,
p. 74.

74
. On the facilities more generally, see, for example, Shatunovskaya,
Zhizn’ v Kremle,
pp. 42–4 and Pavlova,
Stalinizm,
pp. 51–2.

75
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 210. On the later relocation of the Kremlin shop to GUM, see idem, p. 239.

76
. Dmitrievsky,
Sovetskie portrety,
pp. 23–4.

77
. Shatunovskaya,
Zhizn’ v Kremle,
p. 41; Dmitrievsky,
Sovetskie portrety,
pp. 27–8. On conversation, see Dmitrievsky,
Sovetskie portrety,
pp. 24–5.

78
. Concrete examples appear in Enukidze’s files. See RGASPI 667/1/ 1–59. See also Dmitrievsky,
Sovetskie portrety,
p. 30.

79
. Dmitrievsky,
Sovetskie portrety,
pp. 24 and 73.

80
. Testimony of Mikoyan. On children more generally, see L. Vasileva,
Deti kremlia
(Moscow, 1996).

81
. Resis,
Molotov Remembers,
p. 210; R. Richardson,
The Long Shadow. Inside Stalin’s Family
(London, 1994), p. 119.

82
. Dmitrievsky,
Sovetskie portrety,
p. 25.

83
. Cited in Kondratieva,
Gouverner et nourrir,
p. 183.

84
. Klemenko, cited in Kondratieva,
Gouverner et nourrir,
p. 173.

85
. Shatunovskaya,
Zhizn’ v Kremle,
p. 42.

86
. Kondratieva,
Gouverner et nourrir,
p. 183.

87
. The evidence is littered across memoirs of the time. See, for instance, Resis,
Molotov Remembers,
pp. 222–5.

88
. For the use of women in this way, see Dmitrievsky,
Sovetskie portrety,
p. 163.

89
. Dmitrievsky,
Sovetskie portrety,
pp. 39–40.

90
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 248.

91
. On Bedny, for instance, see RGASPI 667/1/18.

92
. On the room, see Richardson,
Long Shadow,
p. 122. On the suicide, see, for instance, Simon Sebag Montefiore,
Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
(London, 2004), pp. 1–21.

93
. Richardson,
Long Shadow,
p. 123.

94
. Sokolova’s original deposition against Mukhanova is in RGASPI 671/1/103, 3–19.

95
. RGASPI 671/1/103, 24.

96
. On the Kirov murder, see S. Deviatov et al., ‘Gibel’ Kirova. Fakty i versii’,
Rodina,
3 (2005), pp. 57–63. This summarizes the findings of the joint Russian Federal Security and Ministry of Defence enquiry into the murder, carried out in 2004.

97
. RGASPI 671/1/107, 85–6.

98
.
Istoricheskii arkhiv,
3 (1995), pp. 156–7 shows Ezhov making his first visits.

99
. For an example, see RGASPI 671/1/106, 107.

100
. Such details were collected by some guards, for instance. See RGASPI 671/1/103, 76.

101
. All these rumours appear in the Kremlin affair files. For examples, see RGASPI 671/1/107, 74–86.

102
. RGASPI 671/1/106, 85.

103
. For Peterson’s statement, see RGASPI 671/1/103, 163.

104
. RGASPI 671/1/103, 157.

105
. RGASPI 671/1/105, 105–6.

106
. Ilizarov,
Tainaia zhizn’,
p. 118; Sudoplatov,
Spetsoperatsii,
pp. 440–41.

107
. RGASPI 671/1/23, 1.

108
. RGASPI 671/1/23, 7.

109
. Ilizarov,
Tainaia zhizn’,
p. 92.

110
. On 1935, see R. Medvedev and Zh. Medvedev,
The Unknown Stalin
(London, 2003), p. 271. On the parties, see Stalin’s engagements in RGASPI 558/11/1479.

111
. Svetlana Allilueva,
Twenty Letters to a Friend
(London, 1967), p. 10.

112
. Dokuchaev,
Moskva,
p. 115.

113
. Allilueva,
Twenty Letters,
p. 87.

114
. Allilueva,
Twenty Letters,
p. 135; see also Dokuchaev,
Moskva,
p. 49.

115
. Edward Crankshaw, ed.,
Khrushchev Remembers
(London, 1971), p. 297.

116
. More on the cinema appears in G. Mar’iamov,
Kremlevskii tsenzor: Stalin smotrit kino
(Moscow, 1992).

117
. For more detail, see Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 243.

118
. Crankshaw,
Khrushchev Remembers,
pp. 298–9.

119
. Colton,
Moscow,
p. 323.

120
. The respondent was interviewed in Moscow in September 2010.

121
. For the search, see Dmitrievsky,
Sovetskie portrety,
p. 59, and Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 98.

122
. Dmitrievsky,
Sovetskie portrety,
p. 60.

123
. For the digging and the discoveries elsewhere, see
Po trasse pervoi ocheredi Moskovskogo metropolitena imeni L. M. Kaganovicha
(Leningrad, 1936).

124
. Stelletskii’s obsessive notes and diary are printed in I. Ia. Stelletskii,
Poiski biblioteka Ivana Groznogo
(Moscow, 1999), pp. 272–316; on Shchusev, see Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
pp. 48–50.

125
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 116.

126
. A film of this discovery was shown as part of the
Kremlin-9
television series in 2004.

127
. See Colton,
Moscow,
p. 324.

128
. V. Shevchenko,
Povsednevnaia zhizn’ pri prezidentakh
(Moscow, 2004), pp. 194–5.

129
. Ibid., p. 195.

130
. On the Kremlin gathering, see Medvedev and Medvedev,
Unknown Stalin,
p. 218.

131
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 306; E. I. Smirnova, ‘Oruzheinaia palata v 1941–1945 godakh’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XIV, p. 127.

132
. Smirnova, ‘Oruzheinaia palata’, p. 124.

133
. Interview in Moscow, September 2010.

134
. Dokuchaev,
Moskva,
pp. 105–6; Smirnova, ‘Oruzheinaia palata’, pp. 124–6.

135
.
Istoricheskii arkhiv,
5–6 (1995);
Istoricheskii arkhiv,
2, 3 and 4 (1996).