Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (90 page)

56
. Mikhailov,
Unichtozhennyi,
p. 44.

57
. Posokhin,
Kremlevskii,
p. 22.

58
. V. A. Kozlov, S. Fitzpatrick and S. Mironenko,
Sedition
(New Haven, Conn., 2011), pp. 113 and 136.

59
. Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall,
p. 264.

60
. On the women, see Vasileva,
Wives,
p. 208. The same source also deals with stories of the hunting and the food.

61
. Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
(London, 1995), pp. 143–4.

62
. A. S. Gratchev,
La Chute du Kremlin
(Paris, 1994), p. 26.

63
. Gratchev,
La Chute,
p. 28.

64
. J. N. Westwood,
Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History 1812–1992,
4th edn (Oxford, 1993), p. 427.

65
. Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall,
p. 362.

66
. Gratchev,
La Chute,
p. 61.

67
. See Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall,
p. 330.

68
. V. Kostikov,
Roman s prezidentom: zapiski press-sekretaria
(Moscow, 1997), p. 39.

69
. The story was another memory related to me in 2006 by the interpreter K. A. (Tony) Bishop, CMG, OBE.

70
. The name was also a pun on the ‘commanding heights’ of the economy.

71
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
pp. 383–4.

72
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
pp. 48–50; Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall,
p. 380. On the poor state of Cathedral Square at this time, see V. V. Vladimirskaia, ‘Restavratsiia’, p. 333.

73
. See, for example, Iu. Korolev,
Kremlevskii sovetnik: XX vek glazami ochevidtsev
(Moscow, 1995).

74
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
p. 101.

75
. Anatoly S. Chernyaev,
My Six Years with Gorbachev,
trans. and ed. by Robert D. English and Elizabeth Tucker (University Park, Pa., 2000), p. 52.

76
. For an excellent study of the post-war mentality, see Donald J. Raleigh,
Soviet Baby Boomers: An Oral History of Russia’s Cold War Generation
(New York, 2011).

77
. Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall,
p. 307.

78
. Vasileva,
Wives,
pp. 206–7.

79
. Mervyn Matthews,
Privilege in the Soviet Union
(London, 1978), pp. 36–40.

80
. Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall,
p. 500.

81
. B. D. Moroz, ed.,
Raisa: vospominaniia, dnevniki, interv’iu, stat’i, pis’ma, telegrammy
(Moscow, 2000), p. 49. The issue clearly rankled with the Gorbachevs. See Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
pp. 137–8.

82
. Shevchenko,
Povsednevnaia,
pp. 122–4; interview with S. Mikoyan, Moscow, September 2007.

83
. Shevchenko,
Povsednevnaia,
p. 125.

84
. Chernyaev,
Six Years,
p. 28.

85
. Colton,
Moscow,
p. 524.

86
. Shevchenko,
Povsednevnaia,
p. 135; Matthews,
Privilege,
pp. 38–42.

87
. The scandal, which had been the talk of Moscow’s kitchens for some years, was finally reported in
Moskovskaia Pravda,
10–16 September 1986.

88
. Shevchenko,
Povsednevnaia,
p. 135.

89
. Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall,
p. 330.

90
. Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall,
p. 308.

91
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
p. 174.

92
. Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall,
p 329.

93
. Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall,
p. 372.

94
. Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall,
p. 403; Shevchenko,
Povsednevnaia,
p. 195.

95
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
p. 219.

96
. Chernyaev,
Six Years,
p. 19.

97
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
p. 222.

98
. Chernyaev,
Six Years,
p. 64.

99
. Igor Korchilov,
Translating History
(New York, 1997), p. 59.

100
. A. Grachev,
Final Days: The Inside Story of the Collapse of the Soviet Union,
trans. Margo Milne (Boulder, Colo., 1995), p. xi; see also Rodric Braithwaite,
Across the Moscow River: The World Turned Upside Down
(London, 2002), p. 54.

101
. Chernyaev,
Six Years,
p. 202.

102
. Korchilov,
Translating History,
p. 123.

103
. Chernyaev,
Six Years,
p. 234.

104
. Chernyaev,
Six Years,
p. 165.

105
. Gratchev,
La Chute,
p. 56.

106
. Chernyaev,
Six Years,
pp. 147–8.

107
. Shevchenko,
Povsednevnaia,
p. 38.

108
. Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall,
p. 506.

109
. Chernyaev,
Six Years,
p. 159.

110
. As David Remnick put it, ‘When history was no longer an instrument of the Party, the Party was doomed to failure.’
Lenin’s Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire
(London, 1994), p. 7.

111
. Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall,
p. 499.

112
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
p. 236.

113
. Chernyaev,
Six Years,
p. 131.

114
. Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall,
p. 506.

115
. Cited in interview with Jonathan Steele,
Guardian,
16 August 2011:
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/16/gorbachev-guardian-interview
(accessed 15 May 2012).

116
. Shevchenko,
Povsednevnaia,
pp. 39–40; Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall,
p. 524.

117
. Braithwaite,
Moscow River,
pp. 190–91.

118
. The translation is from Braithwaite,
Moscow River,
p. 177.

119
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
p. 413.

120
. Boris El’tsin,
Zapiski Prezidenta
(Moscow, 1994), p. 54.

121
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
p. 766.

122
. Chernyaev,
Six Years,
p. 352.

123
. Boris Yeltsin,
The View from the Kremlin,
trans. Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (London, 1994), p. 56.

124
. Yeltsin,
View,
pp. 68–9.

125
. Chernyaev,
Six Years,
p. 378.

126
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
p. 826.

127
.
Izvestiia,
23 August 1991, p. 1. A few days later, on 27 August, the same paper demanded ‘normality’ in the name of its readers.

128
. Yeltsin,
View,
p. 124.

129
. A point made in so many words by Gorbachev. See his
On My Country and the World
(New York, 1999), p. 151.

130
. Yeltsin,
View,
p. 123.

131
. El’tsin,
Zapiski Prezidenta,
p. 162.

132
.
Izvestiia,
27 August 1991.

133
. Shevchenko,
Povsednevnaia,
p. 40.

134
. Chernyaev,
Six Years,
p. 380.

135
. Volkogonov,
Rise and Fall,
p. 513.

136
. Korzhakov,
Boris El’tsin,
p. 119.

137
. Kostikov,
Roman s prezidentom,
p. 131.

138
. Kostikov,
Roman s prezidentom,
p. 37.

139
. Grachev,
Final Days,
pp. 56–9.

140
. Korzhakov,
Boris El’tsin,
p. 119; Gorbachev,
On My Country,
p. 148.