Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (84 page)

34
. Essays on that theme by J. Robert Wright and Lauren M. O’Connell respectively are included in Whittaker, ed.,
Visualizing Russia.

35
. For commentary, see Rosamund Bartlett, ‘Russian culture: 1801–1917’, in
CHR,
vol. 2, p. 98.

36
. Although only 600 copies were produced, and fewer still survive, the entire collection can be seen by consulting the New York Public Library’s online digital gallery.

37
.
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XIV, pp. 7–8 and 31–3; V. K. Trutovskii,
Oruzheinaia palata
(Moscow, 1914), p. 8.

38
. Trutovskii,
Oruzheinaia palata,
p. 8.

39
. For the cramped space, see E. I. Smirnova, ‘Oruzheinaia palata. 19 vek’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XIV, p. 40; on the conditions and complaints of Armoury staff in 1861, see RGADA 1605/1/5957.

40
. For an incidence of this in 1874, see Zabelin,
Dnevniki,
p. 111.

41
. Trutovskii,
Oruzheinaia palata,
p. 11.

42
. Visitor numbers for the period to the 1990s are discussed by L. I. Donetskaia and L. I. Kondrashova, ‘Iz istorii prosvetitel’skoi deiatel’nosti v Moskovskom Kremle’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XIV, pp. 299–309; the nineteenth century is covered on p. 300.

43
. The relevant report is RGADA 1605/1/5962.

44
. Lindsey Hughes,
The Romanovs: Ruling Russia, 1613–1917
(London and New York, 2009), p. 183.

45
. Trutovskii,
Oruzheinaia palata,
pp. 13–14. On the English silver, see Natalya Abramova and Irina Zagarodnaya,
Britannia and Muscovy: English Silver at the Court of the Tsars
(London, 2006).

46
. The hardship felt by Kremlin staff in 1861 is set out in RGADA 1605/1/5957, which clearly shows that Moscow’s palace personnel received smaller cuts from the overall imperial cake than St Petersburg’s.

47
. Hughes,
Romanovs,
p. 183.

48
. M. Zakharov,
Putevoditel’ po Moskve i ukazatel’ eia dostoprimechatel’nosti
(Moscow, 1856), p. 15. Similar sentiments were ubiquitous in later nineteenth-century guides. See, for example, I. Kondrat’ev,
Sedaia starina Moskvy
(1893, repr. Moscow, 2006), p. 3.

49
. Ivan Snegirev,
Dnevnik Ivana Mikhailovicha Snegireva,
vol. 2 (Moscow, 1905), p. 63.

50
. Cited in J. Blum,
Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century
(Princeton, NJ, 1971), p. 570.

51
. For commentary, see Larisa Zakharova, ‘The reign of Alexander II: a watershed?’, in
CHR,
vol. 2, esp. p. 610.

52
. It appeared in this guise at the coronation of Nicholas I, for example, and also later in the century. See Aksenova,
Russkii stil’,
pp. 19 and 31 (engravings from 1826 and 1851).

53
. Zabelin,
Dnevniki,
pp. 91–2; Nasibova,
Faceted Chamber,
pp. 12–13.

54
.
Opisanie sviashchennogo koronovaniia ikh imperatorskikh velichestv Gosudaria imperatora Aleksandra Tret’ego i Gosudaryni imperatritsy Marii Fedorovny vseia Rossii
(St Petersburg, 1883), especially pp. 43–6.

55
. On the opening, see E. Kirichenko,
Khram Khrista Spasitelia v Moskve
(Moscow, 1992), pp. 140–45. See also Kathleen Berton Murrell,
Moscow: An Architectural History
(London, 1977), p. 170, which takes the usual view about the cathedral’s disproportionate size, and T. Slavina,
Konstantin Ton
(Leningrad, 1989), pp. 112–15, which is more sympathetic (at least to Ton).

56
. Kirichenko,
Khram,
p. 152.

57
. I. E. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy
(Moscow, 1904; repr. 2005), pp. 259–6.

58
. For an idea of these (from the leading architect himself), see N. V. Sultanov,
Pamiatnik imperatoru Aleksandru II v Kremle
(St Petersburg, 1898).

59
. Konstantin Mikhailov,
Unichtozhennyi Kreml’
(Moscow, 2007), p. 203.

60
.
Putevoditel’ po Moskve
(Moscow, 1918), p. 10.

61
. For the scarf, made by the Daniilov factory, see Vedernikova,
Oblik,
p. 223. As for the gilded youth, see RGADA 1239/24/2990, a 1914 register of fines and reprimands to Kremlin staff, which includes details of fines issued to Kremlin guards for allowing couples to smoke near the monument.

62
. ‘Steny Kremlya: Chto oni takoe, i chto oni mogli by byt’,’
Russkii arkhiv,
3 (1893), pp. 365–73.

63
. Apollinari Vasnetsov published a collection of imaginary views of medieval Moscow in 1914, still available as his album
Drevniaia Moskva.
See also Shmidt,
Entsiklopediia,
pp. 158–9. Much of the brothers’ work is still on show at the museum-reserve at Abramtsevo, near Moscow.

64
.
Pravoslavnye sviatyni Moskovskogo Kremlia v istorii i kul’ture Rossii
(Moscow, 2006), p. 368.

65
. GARF 130/2/160, 17.

66
.
Pravoslavnye sviatyni,
p. 373.

67
. On the Synod choir, which was sometimes joined by the great star Konstantin Rozov, see Kirichenko,
Khram,
pp. 190–93. The disappointed commentator was Tolstoy’s widow, Sofiya. See
The Diaries of Sofia Tolstaya,
trans. Cathy Porter (London, 1985), p. 690 (entry for 12 March 1911).

68
. On their resentment of the term, expressed in 1917, see RGADA 1239/24/3297, 1–3. The Russian word is
lakei.

69
. RGADA 1239/24/2893 (on the resident population in 1914) and 1239/24/2985, 90 on arrests.

70
. Diary entry from Tolstaya,
Diaries,
p. 841; Tolstoy’s account appears in Louise and Aylmer Maude’s translation of
Anna Karenina
for The World’s Classics (repr. Oxford, 1983), part 5, chapters 1–6, and this quotation is on p. 445.

71
. RGADA 1239/3/19277 gives details of this process in 1857 and RGADA 1239/24/2986 discusses the same preparations for a state visit in 1914. On this occasion, the Kremlin administration was required to find accommodation for just over 2,000 military personnel alone.

72
. Tolstaya,
Diaries,
p. 14 (29 Jan. 1862).

73
. Snegirev,
Dnevnik,
vol. 1, p. 297.

74
. Snegirev,
Dnevnik,
vol. 1, p. 302.

75
. See Zabelin,
Dnevniki,
pp. 7–23.

76
. Snegirev,
Dnevnik,
vol. 2, p. 35.

77
. Zabelin,
Dnevniki,
p. 47.

78
. Zabelin,
Dnevniki,
pp. 239 and 245.

79
. For Sergei Aleksandrovich’s anti-Semitism, see Richard S. Wortman,
Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy
(Princeton, NJ and Oxford, 2006), pp. 311–12.

80
. Cited in Wortman,
Scenarios,
p. 364.

81
. Zabelin,
Dnevniki,
p. 214.

82
. Konstantin Bykovskii, cited in William Craft Brumfield,
A History of Russian Architecture
(Cambridge, 1997), p. 423.

83
. A record of its publications was edited in 1915 by V. K. Trutovskii as
Spisok izdanii Imperatorskogo Moskovskogo Obshchestva po 50 let ego deiatel’nosti.
See also Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki,
p. 249.

84
. For an account, see I. Mashkov, ed.,
Otchet po restavratsii Bol’shogo Moskovskago Uspenkago Sobora
(Moscow, 1910), pp. 6–23. For the developing criticism, which was led by I. E. Grabar, see the first report of the Commission for the Preservation of Historic and Artistic Treasures, reprinted in V. N. Kuchin, ed.,
Iz istorii stroitel’stva sovetskoi kul’tury 1917–1918. Dokumenty i vospominaniia
(Moscow, 1964), pp. 149–53.

85
. On the mosaics, and also other problems with the interior restoration, see B. Iu. Brandenburg et al.,
Arkhitektor Ivan Mashkov
(Moscow, 2001), pp. 81–4. On the church’s attitude to the building more generally, see RGADA 1239/24/3082.

86
. Zabelin,
Dnevniki,
pp. 91–2.

87
. See Zabelin,
Dnevniki,
pp. 17–18.

88
. On the Kremlin trove, see T. D. Panova, ‘Arkheologicheskoe izuchenie territorii Moskovskogo kremlia v kontse XVIII–XX veke’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XIV, esp. pp. 351–2.

89
. Zabelin,
Dnevniki,
p. 112.

90
. For a Soviet-era account, see V. M. Raushenbakh, ‘Rossiia v 1861–1917g’ in
Mezhdunarodnyi sovet muzeev: Konferentsiia komitet muzeev arkheologii i istorii
(Moscow and Leningrad, 1970), pp. 3–11.

91
. These finds were lovingly explored in Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
pp. 82–3.

92
. Zabelin,
Dnevniki,
p. 91.

93
. Panova, ‘Arkheologicheskoe’, p. 350.

94
. N. P. Likhachev,
Biblioteka i arkhiv moskovskikh gosudarei v XVI stoletii
(St Petersburg, 1894), p. 4.

95
. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
pp. 82–3.

96
. Panova, ‘Arkheologicheskoe’, pp. 352–3.

97
. N. A. Skvortsov,
Arkheologiia i topografiia Moskvy: Kurs lektsii
(Moscow, 1913), p. 80; Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 65.