Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (97 page)

post-Soviet era:
Russian flag raised; 1991 houses presidential staff after; Boris Yeltsin’s official residence; restoration post-Soviet era; historical role promoted under Putin; popularity as tourist attraction

Kremlin buildings:
Alexander Gardens; Armoury; Armoury Chamber museum; Arsenal; Ascension monastery/ convent; Beklemyshev tower; Borovitsky Gate; Cathedral of Nikola Gostunsky; Cathedral of the Annunciation; Cathedral of the Archangel Michael; Cathedral for the Ascension convent; Cathedral of the Saviour in the Forest; Cathedral Square; Cavalry Building; Chudov (Miracles) Monastery; Church of Konstantin and Elena; Church of St Catherine; Church of St John the Forerunner; Church of the Deposition of the Robe; Church of the Nativity of the Virgin; Corner Arsenal tower; Dormition Cathedral; Faceted Palace; Frolov (Saviour) gates; Golden Palace; Grand Kremlin Palace; Ivan the Great (bell tower); Kutafia Tower; monasteries; Nicholas Palace; Nikolskaya Tower; Palace of Congresses; Peter the Great’s arsenal; Poteshnyi Palace; Red Stair; Riverside Palace; Saviour Cathedral; Saviour Gate; Saviour Monastery; Saviour Tower; Senate; Senate Tower; Sretensky Cathedral; Sverdlov Hall; Sviblova tower; Terem Palace; Trinity Tower; underground tunnels; Vodovzvodnaya tower; walls; Winter Palace

Kremlin Commission

Kremlin-
9 (television series)

‘Kremlinology’

Krivtsov, Ivan

Krupskaya, Nadezhda

Kurbsky, Andrei

Kutuzov, Mikhail

Kuznetsov

Lamberti da Montagnana, Alevisio

language: French; Old Russian

Larionov, Samson

Latsis, Otto

Lef
(magazine)

Lefort, Franz

Leiden, Netherlands

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich; storms the Winter Palace; establishes Bolshevik government in the Kremlin; and state ‘rest-homes’; attempts on his life; replaces imperial monuments with Soviet art; opposition to the Church; orders seizure of church assets; mausoleum; museum-apartment

Lenin Library

Leningrad
see also
St Petersburg

Leningradskaya Hotel

Lentulov, Aristarkh

Leon the Jew

Leonidov, Ivan

Lermontov, Mikhail

lions, in the Kremlin

Lithuania; rival to Moscow sovereignty; Soviet troops suppress demonstrations

Livonia

London, England

Lopez, Jennifer

Lopukhina, Evdokiya

Louis XIV of France

Lübeck

Lubyanka building

Lunacharsky, Anatoly

Luzhkov, Yury

Mabetex Project Engineering

Macarius III, Patriarch of Antioch

Makary, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia

Malevich, Kasimir;
A Lady in a Tram

Malinovsky, A. F.

Malinovsky, Pavel

Malkov, Pavel

Malvern, England

Margeret, Jacques;
The Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Muscovy

Marina Mniszeck (wife of Dmitry I)

Mariya Godunova

Mariya Nagaya

Mariya of Tver (wife of Ivan III)

Mariya Temryukovna

Marx, Karl

Marxist movement

Maslov, Kupriyan

Massa, Isaac,
A Short History of the Peasant Wars in Moscow

Matisse, Henri,
La Danse

Matlock, Jack (US ambassador)

Matorin (artist)

Matveyev, Artamon

Mayakovsky, Vladimir

Mayo, Earl of

Medici, Lorenzo di

Medvedev, Dmitry

Mehmet II

Melnikov, Konstantin

Mendelsohn, Erich

Mengli-Girey

Menshikov, Alexander

Merian, Matthäus

Merv

mestnichestvo

metro (underground railway); secret

Metropolitans, Archbishops and Patriarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church: Peter (the Wonder-Worker); Aleksii; Isidor; Yona; Filipp I; Geronty; Daniil; Yoasaf; Makary; Afanasy; FilippII; Dionysii II; Yov; Hermogen; Filaret; Nikon; Amvrosii; Platon II; Augustin; Tikhon

Meyerberg, Augustin

Michelangelo

Mikhail Glinsky

Mikhail I Fedorovich, Tsar

Mikhail of Tver

Mikhail the Brave

Mikhalkov, Nikita

Mikoyan, Nami

Mikoyan, Sergo

Miloslavsky, Ilya

Miloslavsky family

Minin, Kuzma

Mironov, Sergei

Mitrofan, Patriarch of Constantinople

Mitterand, François

Mniszeck, Jerzy

Mniszeck, Marina

Molotov, Vyacheslav

Molotov-Ribbentrop pact

Monakhitin, Sergei

monasteries: closed under Stalin; of the Kremlin

Mongol Horde

Mongol rule in Russia

Monkhouse, Allan

Monomakh, Cap of

Monomakh, Vladimir

Mons, Anna, mistress of Peter the Great

Morea, Despotate of

Morozov, Boris

Mortier, Marshal

Moscow:
xii, xiii, xiv;
early history; origins of name; sacked by Mongol Horde; growth in population and significance; prospers under rule of Ivan I; liberated from Mongol rule; civil war 1433–47; expansion of regional power; Kitai-gorod; siege; destruction by Polish troops; plague; foreign (German) quarter; 18th-century salons; university; plague; population; society at the beginning of the 19th century; serfdom; improvements under Alexander I; battle of Borodino; 1812 occupation by Napoleon; ruined by fires during Napoleon’s occupation; re-building after Napoleon’s occupation; railway terminus; reacts to Nicholas II’s abdication; falls to the Bolsheviks; reconstruction in the 1920s; 800th anniversary; Olympic Games, 1980; open air swimming pool; Stalin’s towers; storming of the White House, 1993; post-Soviet era restoration of lost buildings; 850th anniversary celebrations; Cathedral of Christ the Saviour; Chapel of the Iberian Virgin; English Club; fires; Kazan Cathedral; Krutitskoe Residence; markets and religious ceremonies on ice; metro; Novodevichy Convent (New Convent of the Virgin); Red Square; Shchusev Museum of Architecture; Tretyakov Art Gallery; White City

Moscow Archaeological Society

Moscow Historical Museum

Moscow River

Moscow Society of Architects

Moscow University

Moskovskaya Pravda

Moskovskie vedomosti
(newspaper)

Mosproekt-2 (construction company)

Mstislavsky, Fedor

Mstislavsky, Ivan

Mukhanova

Munich, Germany

Murov, Evgeny

Muscovy
see
Moscow

Muscovy Company, London

music, Russian

Mussorgsky, Modest,
Boris Godunov
(opera)

Napoleon Bonaparte; rise of; invades Russia; occupies Moscow; retreat from Moscow

Narva, Estonia, Russian defeat

Naryshkin, Ivan

Naryshkina, Natalya

national anthem, Russian

nationalism, rise of in post-Communist Russia

Nazarbayev, Nursultan

Neglinnaya River

Nerl River

Neva River

Nevsky, Alexander; demolition of chapel dedicated to

Nevsky, Vladimir

New Convent of the Virgin
see
Novodevichy Convent

New Jerusalem Monastery

New Year celebrations, under Peter the Great

New York Metropolitan Museum

New York Times

Nicholas I, Tsar; accession; described by Marquis de Custine; encourages Russian nationalism; builds the Grand Kremlin Palace; orders demolition of Church of St John; approves Armoury Chamber museum; founds Imperial Russian Archaeological Society; death

Nicholas II, Tsar: nostalgia for Russian past; anti-Semitic views; coronation; unveils statue to Alexander III; opens monument to Alexander II; response to revolution; takes personal command of armed forces; abdicates; murder by the Bolsheviks; re-interment in St Petersburg 1998

Nikolai Aleksandrovich (son of Alexander II)

Nikon, Metropolitan and Patriarch

Nizhnyi Novgorod

NKVD (Commissariat for Internal Affairs)

Nora, Pierre

North Ossetia

Nöteborg (fortress)

Novgorod; absorption into Moscow state; plague; sacked by Ivan the Terrible; under Swedish rule

Novodevichy Convent

nuclear weapons system, Soviet

Nuremberg

Odoevsky-Maslov, Prince

Ogurtsov, Bazhen

Oka River

Old Believers/ Old Belief

Olearius, Adam

Olenin, Aleksei

oprichnina/ oprichniki

Oranovsky, Evgeny

Orthodox calendar

Osipov

Ostei (temporary ruler of Moscow 1382)

Otrepev, Grigory
see also
DmitryI (‘False Dmitry’)

Ottoman Turkish Empire

Owen, David

Pacolli, Behgjet

Paisein, Ivan

Palace of the Soviets

Palazhchenko, Pavel

Palladio, Andrea

Palm Sunday, ceremony at Kremlin

Panova, Tatiana

paper-milling, in Moscow

Paris Exposition

Pashkov House

Pasternak, Boris

Patrikeyev, Ivan Yurevich

Pauker, Karl

Paul I, Tsar: coronation, 1797; unpopularity and murder

Paul II, Pope

Paul of Aleppo

Pavlov, Valentin

Peace of Nystad

People’s Commissariat for the Preservation of Historic and Artistic Monuments

perestroika

Pereyaslavl

Perovaskaya, Sofiya

Perry, John

Peter I, Tsar (Peter the Great): childhood; elected Tsar; escapes plot on his life; introduces classical themes to the Kremlin; establishes parodic court; Grand Embassy (travels in Europe); orders beards to be shaved off; brings Russian calendar in line with Europe; takes part in killing of the
streltsy;
military reform; building projects; builds arsenal in the Kremlin; military campaigns; re-fortifies Kremlin; moves court to St Petersburg; signs Peace of Nystad with Sweden; creates Senate; abolishes the Orthodox patriarchate; and record keeping; reform of the alphabet; disinherits Aleksei Petrovich; crowns his wife Catherine I; European influences on court; introduces European architectural practices; coffin desecrated by Bolsheviks; funeral

Peter III, Tsar

Peter, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Russia (the ‘Wonder-Worker)

Peter Petrovich (infant son of Peter the Great)

Peter-Paul Cathedral, St Petersburg

St Petersburg; choice of site; transfer of Peter the Great’s court to; 1917 revolution; Winter Palace; under Catherine the Great; Kazan Cathedral; Church of the Saviour on Spilled Blood; changes name to Petrograd; storming of the Winter Palace; desecration of Tsar’s tombs; re-interment of Romanov family, 1998
see also
Leningrad; Petrograd Peterson,

Rudolf Petrograd; re-named Leningrad
see also
St Petersburg

Petrovna-Solovaya, Praskovya

Petrovsky, Boris

Petrovsky Palace

Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

Picart, Pieter

Picasso, Pablo

Pickering, Thomas

Pikhoia, Rudolf

Pimen, archbishop of Novgorod

Pipes, Richard

Piscator, Johannes

plague: (1570); (Moscow, 1654); (Moscow, 1771)