Planet of the Bugs: Evolution and the Rise of Insects (42 page)

gizzard-stones,
133

glaciers,
23
,
52
,
69
,
78
,
96
,
101
,
108
; global,
24

gladiator insects,
11

glands: of parasitic wasps,
138
; reproductive,
138
; silk,
106
,
124
; venom,
46
,
138

global: climate change,
97
,
103
,
112–13
,
168–9
,
190
; warming,
24
,
97
; winter,
xiii

glycol,
65

Gnetales,
156–57
,
211n2

Gondwana,
108
,
112
,
151
,
154

Gould, Stephen Jay,
23

gradual metamorphosis,
110–11

grasshoppers,
1
,
11
,
61
,
84
,
89
,
99
; short-horned,
pl. 5

grasslands,
115
,
130–31
,
172

greenhouse effect,
23

griffenflies,
xii
,
85–87
,
173
,
206n16

grubs,
74
,
109
,
121
,
164
,
172

Grylloblattodea,
100–101
,
207n6

gut symbionts,
147–8

habitat destruction,
5
,
182–85

habitats: brackish,
39
; extreme,
3–4
; freshwater,
39
,
59
,
99
; marine,
99
; terrestrial,
3
,
94
; wet forest,
ix
,
22
,
74
,
156

hadrosaurs,
154
,
167
,
169

Haldane, J. B. S.,
192–93
,
215n2

Hallucigenia
,
27
,
32

Halobates
,
3

hamuli,
127

haplodiploidy,
164–65

head,
xi
,
11
,
45
,
59
,
76
,
103
,
145

heat transfer,
77–78
,
80
,
100

heavy metals,
5

helium,
4

hellgrammites,
126

Hemiptera,
122
,
126–27
,
pl. 6

hemoglobin,
4

herbivory,
50
,
75
,
82
,
120
,
123
,
129
,
133
,
154
,
157–60
,
166–67
,
192
,
205n13

Hexagonaria
,
53

hexapods,
60
,
62–63
,
65–68
,
146
,
204n3
(ch. 4)

hibernation,
105

Himalayas,
3
,
155

Holland, William Jacob,
132
,
209n2

Holometabola,
105
,
113

homonids,
8
,
183
,
213n1

Homoptera,
102–3
,
111
,
121–22
,
161
,
166
,
207n7
,
pl. 7

honeydew,
102–3
,
163
,
166
,
pl. 7

hornets,
162
,
164
,
167

horseshoe crabs,
39
,
42

horsetails,
75
,
90
,
95

hosts,
96
,
136
,
140
,
145–46
,
151
,
179–80

hot springs,
4
,
18
,
24
,
63

human: body lice,
2
,
5
; civilization,
2
,
172
; evolution,
38

humans,
2–3
,
18
,
22
,
32
,
43
,
120
,
154
,
162
,
166
,
171
,
175
,
182–85
,
187
,
191

Hymenoptera,
11
,
117
,
122
,
127–29
,
135
,
139
; social,
164

hyperdiversity,
xiv
,
11
,
151
,
174
,
209n5

hypermetamorphosis,
144–45
,
210n8

hypothesis: arboreal,
149
; asteroid-impact,
92
,
168
; buggy universe,
191–92
; cursorial,
149–50
; gill,
79–80
; global climate change,
97
,
103
; kin selection,
165
;
Murder on the Orient Express
,
97
; paranotal lobe,
77
,
79–80
; solar panel,
78
,
175
; surface-skimming,
79–80
; symbiont,
210n11

icebugs,
3
,
11
,
100–101
,
207n6

Ichneumonidae,
10
,
128

idiobiosis,
145–46
,
179–80

imaginal discs,
104

imagobiosis,
177
,
179–80
,
214n6

immune system,
141–44

insect,
29
; abundance,
3
,
149
; classification,
10–11
; communities,
22
; conservation,
184–85
; defined,
29
; diversity,
2
,
94
,
121
,
149
; eggs,
106
; evolution,
15
,
50
; flight,
69–73
,
76–90
; heaviest,
86
; pests,
2
; societies,
3
; species,
1
,
4
; zoos,
70

Insecta,
11

insecticides,
5

insectivory,
90
,
94
,
120–22
,
133
,
150
,
172
,
183
,
186
,
208n3

insects,
20
; age of,
19
; aquatic,
x
,
3
,
79–80
,
87
,
97–99
,
106–9
,
117
,
124–25
,
129
,
143
,
192
,
204n2
; blood feeding,
106
,
121
,
151
,
167
,
206n2
; blood of,
141–43
; chewing,
99
,
123
,
158
,
160
; crawling,
81
; diversity of,
2–3
,
5
,
94
,
121
; edible,
2
,
120–21
; families of,
10
; first arboreal,
82
; first true,
xi
,
58
,
68–69
; flightless,
82
; flying,
68–73
,
76–90
,
121
; gigantic,
82
,
85–87
,
90
,
92–93
,
99
,
131
; holometabolous,
113
; homopteran,
102–3
,
111
,
121
,
166
; kinds of,
1
; largest,
85
,
93
; leaf,
122
; neopteran,
88–89
,
88
,
110
,
113
; old net-winged,
81–84
; orders of,
11
; orthopteroid,
99–100
,
122
,
129
; paleopteran,
71
,
81–88
,
98
; parasitic,
121
,
151
,
181
; plant-feeding,
2
,
80
,
96
,
123
,
129
,
133
,
157
,
205n13
; pollinating,
89
,
129
,
153
,
156–57
,
181
,
183
; primitively wingless,
67–69
,
175
,
205n5
; social,
3
,
15
,
117
,
121
,
128
,
146–47
,
160
,
162–66
; soil-dwelling,
59
,
67–69
,
78
,
120
; smallest,
12
,
63
; species of modern,
10
; stinging,
167–8
; titan,
122
; winged,
70–91
,
181
,
205n12
; wingless,
175
,
205n9

internal skeletons,
28

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature,
8
,
131–32

interstellar travel,
191–93

intertidal zones,
40
,
43
,
46

invertebrates,
17–18

iridium,
113
,
168

iron,
23–24
,
188
,
190

isopterans,
146–49
,
210

jaws: defensive,
125
,
144
; disarticulating,
134
; mandibulate,
99
; sickle-like,
106
,
125
,
144
; tusk-like,
pl. 9
; two-hinged,
76

jointed legs,
11
,
20
,
27
,
29–30
,
31
,
37
,
93

jumping bristletails,
xi
,
67–68
,
68
,
175
,
205n8

junior synonym,
9

Jurassic: dinosaurs,
132–35
; Early,
135–36
; forests,
132
,
146
; Late,
140
,
146
,
160
; period,
xiii
,
108
,
116
,
129–52
,
154
,
156
,
167
,
179
; wood wasps,
135–37

katydids,
ix
,
1
,
95
,
99–100
,
101
,
122
,
157
,
pl. 2
,
pl. 4

keyhole amphibians,
75–76

keystone: organisms,
2
; predators,
2
,
128
; species,
183

kingdom,
11

kings,
147
,
153
,
169

kin selection,
165
,
212n8

koinobiosis,
145–46
,
179–80

K-T boundary,
168

lacewings,
15
,
89
,
95
,
106
,
118
,
122
,
129
,
176
,
179

lamp shells,
39–40
,
95
; defined,
39
; species richness,
39

land,
37
; animals,
37
; colonization,
37–38
,
40
,
55
; masses,
154–55
; plants,
37
,
56

landmark aggregation,
78

larvae,
14
,
104–5
,
126
; aquatic fly,
108
; beetle,
138–39
,
151
; caddisfly,
106–7
; chironomid midge,
4
; grublike,
74
,
109
,
121
,
164
; heaviest,
131
; holometabolan,
104
; lacewing,
106
; lepidopteran,
157–58
; snakefly,
127
; wasp,
138
,
140–41
,
143–45
,
162
,
164
; wood-boring,
74–75
,
109
,
120
,
135
,
138
; xyelid,
117

Laurasia,
112
,
151

leaf: beetles,
xiii
,
pl. 10
; insects,
122
; litter,
58
,
63
,
65–66
,
69
,
77
,
80
,
89–90
,
110
,
120
,
124
,
129
,
172
; melastome,
viii
,
x
; miners,
108
,
137
,
157