Planet of the Bugs: Evolution and the Rise of Insects (39 page)

BOOK: Planet of the Bugs: Evolution and the Rise of Insects
4.36Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub

amino acids,
24
,
188

amphibians,
3
,
18
,
94
,
120–21
,
126
,
173
,
181
,
203n1
(ch. 4); age of,
53
; Carboniferous,
73
,
76
,
84
,
90
; Devonian,
55–56
; eggs of,
87
; first,
55
; keyhole,
75–76
; tadpoles of,
87

anal trophallaxis,
148

Andes,
155
,
170–71
,
174
,
176
,
185

angiosperms,
xiii
,
2
,
156–57
,
159
,
165–66

animals: complex,
92
; exoskeletal,
26
; first land,
36
; land,
37
; multicellular,
20
,
23
,
29
,
191
; terrestrial,
35
,
40
; vertebrate,
19
; warm-blooded,
94

annelids,
26–27
,
30
,
43
,
58

Anomalocaris
,
19
,
136

anoxia,
97

Antarctica,
24
,
65
,
112
,
155

antennae,
xi
,
45
,
59
,
67
,
117

antifreeze,
3
,
65

ants,
1
,
3
,
15
,
75
,
117
,
128
,
160
,
162–64
,
166–67
,
176
,
179
,
191
; army,
163
; bullet,
212n9
;
Formica
,
14
; gigantic mutated,
92
; super-colonies of,
9
; weaver,
212n7
; worker,
100
,
205n9

Apatosaurus
,
132
,
154
,
208n2

aphids,
102
,
163
,
166

Apidae,
10

aposematism,
14
,
84
,
121
,
151
,
pl. 7–8

appendages: feeding,
19
,
45
,
117
; filamentous,
76
; jointed,
11
,
20
,
27
,
29–30
,
31
,
37
,
93
; taillike,
143–44

aquatic insects,
x
,
3
,
79–80
,
87
,
97–99
,
106–9
,
117
,
124–25
,
129
,
143
,
181
,
204n2
,
206n16

arachnids,
41

Archaeognatha,
67
,
68
,
205n5

Archaeopteryx
,
149–50
,
210–11nn12–13

Arthropoda,
11
,
20

arthropods,
11
,
17
,
20
,
27
,
31
,
37
,
188
,
190–92
; age of,
19
; Cambrian,
16
,
19–20
,
23
,
27
; characteristics of,
31
,
93
; defined,
30
; Devonian,
54
,
56
; first,
x
,
17
,
27
; footprints of,
40
; giant,
92–93
; hexapod,
67–68
; in film,
92–93
; microscopic,
75
; molting of,
61
; predatory,
19
,
173
; scavenging,
69
; Silurian,
xi
,
37
; soil-dwelling,
58
,
65
,
74
,
79
; terrestrial,
49

assassin bugs,
126–27
,
pl. 6

asteroids,
xiii
,
15
,
23
,
96
,
99
,
113
,
154
,
168–69
,
172
,
190

astrobiology,
189

atmosphere: earth’s,
24–25
; oxygen rich,
188

Australopithecus
,
213n1

axillary sclerites,
88

 

bacteria,
5–6
,
18–19
,
23–24
,
26
,
47
,
64
,
148
,
176
,
189
,
191

ballast stones,
107

bark: beetles,
74
; lice,
74–75
,
110–11
,
179
,
208n14
; tree,
74
,
110
,
pl. 4

bat flies,
13
,
13
,
181

bats,
xii
,
13
,
81
,
85
,
181
,
186

beaches,
40–41
,
45
,
52–53
,
55

beaks,
82
,
98
,
100
,
103
,
116
,
126

bee flies,
157

bees,
6
,
10
,
15
,
74–75
,
89
,
117
,
128
,
154
,
157
,
160
,
162
,
164
,
167
,
169
,
179
,
183
,
211n5
;
Bombus
,
10
; bumble,
10
; carpenter,
10
; first,
152
; honey,
10
; primitive,
162

beetles,
5
,
11
,
89
,
94–95
,
109–10
,
114
,
118
,
121–22
,
129
,
140
,
151
,
156–57
,
169
,
176
,
179
,
183
,
191
,
205n6
; bark,
74
; beaver parasite,
13
; click,
xiii
; dung-feeding,
1
,
121
; feather-winged,
103
; first,
95
,
110
; flat-headed,
74
; Goliath,
86–87
,
131
; ground,
10
; grubs of,
124
,
138
,
140
; Hercules,
131
; inordinate fondness for,
192–93
; June,
1
; Jurassic,
xiii
; ladybug,
1
; leaf,
xiii
,
pl. 10
; long-horned,
viii
,
x–xiv
; metallic,
xiii
; parasitic,
13
; Permian,
xii
,
15
,
94
; rhinoceros,
132
; scarab,
xiii
; subterranean,
3
; weevil,
xiii
; wood-boring,
xii–xiii
,
74–75
,
109
,
135
,
179

behavior: defensive,
39
,
147
,
179
; egg-laying,
141
,
160
; lekking,
204n1
(ch. 5); nocturnal,
42
,
89
,
123–24
; parasitic,
136–46
; predatory,
136
; social,
128
; territorial,
164

Berlese funnel,
65

bias: arthropodan,
40
; human-centrist,
18
,
38
,
55

big bang,
37
,
185

bilateral symmetry,
30

binomial nomenclature,
8

biodegradation,
2

biodiversity,
173
; crisis,
183

bioindicators,
5

biological species concept,
6

biomass: arthropod,
64
; host,
146
; insect,
3
,
128
; plant,
75
,
90
; vertebrate,
3
,
128

biophilia,
154

bipedalism,
61

bird lice,
13
,
167
,
181

birds,
xii
,
3
,
15
,
18
,
73–75
,
80–81
,
84–85
,
116
,
120
,
130
,
165
,
167
,
169
,
174
,
181
,
186
; first,
116
,
122
,
149–51
; migratory,
116
; nests of,
74
,
151
; oldest-known,
149
; shore,
114

Blattaria,
89
,
99
,
122

blood,
78
,
106
,
135
,
141–43
,
206n2

body: forms,
27
,
42
,
59
,
143
; lice,
2
; parts,
11
; plans,
27
; segmented,
93
; size,
62–63
,
103

Bombyliidae,
157

book: gills,
42
; lice,
110
; lungs,
42

brachiopods,
39
,
43
,
54
,
95
,
207n4

Braconidae,
10
,
128
,
144

brains,
29
,
59
,
134
,
166

branches,
57
,
103
,
120
,
162
,
172
,
175

bristletails,
xi
,
61
,
67–69
,
68
,
76
,
79
,
129
,
146–47
,
175
,
205n5
,
205n8

bromeliads,
xi
,
3
,
22
,
89
,
175
,
181
,
186

brontosaurs,
117
,
127
,
132–35
,
208n2

buggy universe hypothesis,
191–92

bugs,
11
,
15
,
89
,
94
,
151
,
163
,
179
,
191
; assassin,
126–27
,
pl. 6
; bed,
126
; giant water,
126
; hyperdiversity of,
xiv
; plant,
126
,
157
; royal palm,
1
; seed,
126
; stink,
126
,
154
; true,
xiv
,
11
,
118
,
122
,
126–27
; velvety shore,
1

Burgess Shale,
18
,
45

burrows,
25–26
,
29

butterflies,
5–7
,
11
,
15
,
70
,
84
,
89
,
105
,
154
,
157
,
159
,
169
,
191
;
Altinote
,
184
,
pl. 8
; birdwing,
1
; brush-footed,
60
; first,
152
,
158
; hyperdiversity of,
xiv
;
malachite,
pl. 1
; monarch,
6–7
; nymphalid,
pl. 1
,
pl. 8
; papilionid,
144
; viceroy,
6–7

 

caddisflies,
11
,
95
,
99
,
106–9
,
117–18
,
122
,
208n12

calcium carbonate,
23–24
,
26

Calymene celebra
,
38–39

Cambrian: arthropods,
x
,
16
,
173
; Early,
30
,
45
; explosion,
20
,
23
,
25
,
80
,
94
,
190
; fossils,
25
; Late,
27
,
33–34
,
54
; macrofauna,
26
; period,
x
,
17–35
,
37
,
39
,
56
,
96
,
181
; seas,
27
; shallow marine communities,
22
; trilobites,
21
,
27
,
32–35

Campodeidae,
66

camouflage,
14
,
84
,
pl. 1–4

Other books

It Had to Be You by Jill Shalvis
Lost City Radio by Daniel Alarcon
Trust Me by Jayne Ann Krentz
Trace by Patricia Cornwell
Marrying Christopher by Michele Paige Holmes
Then They Came For Me by Maziar Bahari, Aimee Molloy
La dama del Nilo by Pauline Gedge