Modern Times: The World From the Twenties to the Nineties (177 page)

68 Talbot (ed.), op cit., 120ff., 139–43.

69 Daily Telegraph, The Times
, 17, 18 March 1991.

70 See ‘Demographic Trends’,
South Africa 1989–90, Official Yearbook
(Pretoria, Cape Town 1990), 79–90.

71 For a discussion of this and other aspects of South Africa’s difficulties and their global significance, see Martin Schneider (ed.),
South Africa: the Watershed Years
(Cape Town 1991), especially 29ff., 42ff., 60ff., 70ff., 136ff.

72 Rostow,
World Economy
, Table I–15, 30.

73 Text of constitution in H. Borton,
Japan’s Modern Century
(New York 1955), 490–507.

74 For a general treatment of the occupation, see Kazuo Kawai,
Japan’s American Interlude
(Chicago 1960).

75 R.P. Dore,
Land Reform in Japan
(Oxford 1959); Kurt Steiner,
Local Government in Japan
(Stanford 1965).

76 John M. Maki,
Court and Constitution in Japan
(Seattle 1964).

77 Richard Storry,
The Times Literary Supplement
, 5 September 1980, 970; see J.W. Dower,
Empire and Aftermath: Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experience, 1878–1954
(Harvard 1980).

78 Andra Boltho,
Japan: an Economic Survey
(Oxford 1975), 8 footnote; S. Kuznets,
Economic Growth of Nations
(Harvard 1971), 30–1, 38–40.

79 Rostow,
World Economy
, 275.

80 Ezra F. Vogel, ‘The Challenge from Japan’, Harvard Conference on US Competitiveness, 25 April 1980.

81 J.A.A. Stockwin,
Japan: Divided Politics in a Growth Economy
(London 1975), 1–3.

82 Beasley, op. cit., 286.

83 Boltho, op. cit., 167–8.

84 James Kirkup,
Heaven, Hell and Hara-Kiri
(London 1974), 248–52.

85 Quoted by Frank Gibney, ‘The Ripple Effect in Korea’,
Foreign Affairs
, October 1977.

86 See Special Issue of
Wilson Review
, Autumn 1979, for Taiwan’s spectacular progress in the 1960s and 1970s.

87 Quoted by Sampson,
The Moneylenders
, 183—4.

88 I.M.D. Little: ‘The experience and causes of rapid labour-intensive development in Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, and the possibilities of emulation’,
ILO Working Paper
(Bangkok 1979).

89 Rostow,
World Economy
, 548–51.

90 See David Nevin,
The American Touch in Micronesia
(New York 1977);
Chronicle of the Year 1989
(London 1990), 117.

91 Stefan de Vylder,
Allende’s Chile: the political economy of the rise and fall of the Unidad Popular
(Cambridge, Mass., 1976); Brian Loveman,
Struggle in the Countryside: politics and rural labour in Chile, 1919–1973
(Indiana 1976).

92 Ian Roxborough
et al., Chile: the State and Revolution
(London 1977), 146–7. Allende had told me as far back as 1960 that he had no chance of winning an election except through a split on the Right, and that the result was likely to be high inflation and a middle-class revolt.

93 Ibid., 226.

94
Newsweek
, 8 October 1973.

95 Joseph L. Nogee and John W. Sloan, ‘Allende’s Chile and the Soviet Union’,
Journal of International Studies and World Affairs
, August 1979.

96 James Boswell,
Life of Johnson
II (London 1934), 170.

97 W. Baer and I. Kerstenetsky (eds),
Inflation and Growth in Latin America
(Homewood, Illinois 1964).

98 Quoted in Sampson,
The Moneylenders
, 303.

99
Daily Telegraph
, 6 March 1991.

100
Annual Review 1984
(London 1985), 8.

101
Annual Review 1985
(London 1986), 8–9.

102 Statement, House of Commons, 8 April 1985.

103 Hugo Young,
The Iron Lady: a Biography of Margaret Thatcher
(London 1989), 532–3.

104 Norman Lamont, MP, on the
Today Programme
, BBC Radio 4, 20 March 1991.

105
Wilson Quarterly
, Special Issue on Mexico, Summer 1979; Michael Meyer and William Sherman,
The Course of Mexican History
(Oxford 1979).

106 Richard R. Fagen: ‘The Realities of Mexico-American Relations’,
Foreign Affairs
, July 1977.

107 Richard R. Fagen,
Labyrinths of Power: Political Recruitment in 20th Century Mexico
(Princeton 1979).

108 E.L. Ullman: ‘Regional Development and the Geography of Concentration’,
Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association
, 4 (1958), 197–8.

109 H.S. Perloff
et al, Regions, Resources and Economic Growth
(University of Nebraska 1960), 50.

110 Robert Estall,’The Changing Balance of the Northern and Southern Regions of the United States’,
Journal of American Studies
(Cambridge), December 1980.

111 Ben J. Wattenburg: A New Country: America 1984’,
Public Opinion
(Washington DC), Oct-Nov 1979.

112 Ronald Reagan,
An American Life: an Autobiography
(New York 1990), 135.

113 Ibid., 335–6.

114
The Statesman’s Yearbook 1990–1
, 1399ff, 1413.

115 An
American Life
, 334–5.

116
Discriminate Deterrence: Report of the Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy
(Washington DC 1988), 5–7.

117
An American Life
, 449–51.

118 See my article in the
Observer
, 30 October 1983.

119
An American Life
, 517–8.

120 For the events which led up to the S-20s and Cruise deployment, see Jonathan Haslam:
The Soviet Union and the Politics of Nuclear Weapons in Europe, 1969–77
(Cornell UP 1990).

121
An American Life
, 234—5.

122 For a general discussion of the US rearmament programme as it evolved in the 1980s see the account by Reagan’s Defence Secretary, Caspar Weinberger,
Fighting For Peace
(New York 1990).

123 See Paul Johnson, ‘Europe and the Reagan Years’, and Robert W. Tucker, ‘Reagan’s Foreign Policy’, in ‘America and the World, 1988–9’, a special issue of
Foreign Affairs
, 68 (1989).

124
An American Life
, 568–70, which gives the key passages from the Orlando speech.

125 No personal biography of the Soviet leader has been published and details of Gorbachev’s life proved difficult to obtain; some were published in the
Sunday Correspondent
colour supplement, 25 February 1990.

126 For details of the changes in Russia during the 1980s, see Geoffrey Hosking,
The Awakening of the Soviet Union
(Harvard 1990), who shows that some of the changes began before Gorbachev.

127 For an overall view of this subject see Thane Gustafson, Crisis
and Plenty: the Politics of Soviet Energy under Brezhnev and Gorbachev
(Princeton 1989).

128 Reagan’s detailed personal account of the Geneva meeting is in
An American Life
, 633–41.

129 For contrasting views see ‘The American 1980s: Disaster or Triumph: a Symposium’, special issue of
Commentary
, September 1990; see also Larry Berman (ed.),
Looking Back on the Reagan Presidency
(Baltimore 1990), and W.G. Hyland,
The Cold War is Over
(New York 1990).

130 To the author; this was also Margaret Thatcher’s view.

131
An American Life
, 639.

132 The
Telegraph
reporter was the author’s eldest son, Daniel Johnson.

133 From
Marx-Engels Werke
(East Berlin 1956–68), iii 569–71.

134 For the Ceausescu regime, see Edward Behr, Kiss
the Hand You Cannot Bite
(London 1991); John Sweeney,
The Life and Evil Times of Nicolae Ceaucescu
(London 1991).

135 This figure, like most others connected with recent Romanian events, is unreliable; Sweeney, op. cit., believes no more than fifty were shot.

136 Ibid.

137 See, for instance, ‘The End of the Honeymoon’,
Daily Telegraph
, 25 March 1991.

138 Reported on the BBC
Money Programme
, 10 March 1991.

139 See M.E. Porter,
The Competitive Advantage of Nations
(New York 1990).

140 For the events leading up to the war, see John Bulloch and Harvey Morris,
Saddam’s War: the origins of the Kuwait conflict and the international response
(London 1991).

141 For details and dates of the events leading up to the Iraqi invasion, and the Allied response, see the following special newspaper supplements: London
Times
, 16 January 1991;
Daily Mail
, 1
March 1991;
Daily Telegraph
,
2 March 1991;
Sunday Telegraph
,
3
March 1991.

142 The major ground components of the Allied force were: United States 320,000; United Kingdom 25,000; Saudi Arabia 40,000; Syria 12,000; France 10,000; Egypt 35,000.

143 Figures vary and must be regarded as estimates until official war histories are published; I have taken these from the
Daily Telegraph
supplement of 2 March 1991.

144 For these and other figures see
Chronicle of the Twentieth Century
,
1294–5
.

145 For various examples see David
Israelson
,
Silent Earth: the Politics
of Survival
(Ontario 1990), esp. 227–50.

146 Sarah Johnson in the
Sunday Telegraph
, 4 February 1991.

147 Conor Cruise O’Brien: ‘Devaluing the University’, London
Times, 5
March 1991; David Lehman,
Signs of the Times: Deconstruction and the Fall of Paul de Man
(New
York 1991).

148 See Dinesh D’Sousa,
Illiberal
Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus
(New York
1991).

149 Martin Fletcher in the
Times
, 16 March 1991.

150 James Watson,
The Double Helix:
being a personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA
(New York 1977).

151 Franklin Portugal and Jack Cohen,
A Century of DNA: a history of the discovery of the structure and function of the genetic substance
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1977).