Modern Times: The World From the Twenties to the Nineties (176 page)

102 See Claire Sterling,
The Terror Network
(New York 1981).

103 Caroline Moorehead,
Fortune’s Hostages: Kidnapping in the WorldToday
(London 1980).

104 Christopher Dobson and Ronald Payne,
The Carlos Complex: a pattern of violence
(London 1977), 30–44.

105 For these two cases see Sterling, op. cit.

106 ‘The Most Sinister Growth Industry’,
The Times
, 27 October 1981.

107 This argument is elaborated in Paul Johnson, ‘The Seven Deadly Sins of Terrorism’, Jerusalem Conference on International Terrorism, published by the Jonathan Institute, Jerusalem 1979.

108 Moynihan,
A Dangerous Place
, 86.

109 Quoted ibid., 157–8.

110 Ibid., 197.

111 Rostow,
World Economy
, Table n-71, 285.

112 Alfred Sauvy,
L’Observateur
, 14 August 1952.

113 Carl E. Pletsch,’The Three Worlds, or the Division of Social Scientific Labour, 1950–75’,
Comparative Studies in Society and History
, October 1981.

114 Jahangir Amuzegar, ‘A Requiem for the North-South Conference’,
Foreign Affairs
, 56 (October 1977), 136–59.

115
North-South: a Programme for Survival
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology, March 1980).

116 Theodore Moran,
Multinational Corporations and the Politics of Dependence: Copper in Chile
(Princeton 1974); Charles Goodsell,
American Corporations and Peruvian Politics
(Harvard 1974).

117 Lawrence Franco, ‘Multinationals: the end of US dominance’,
Harvard Business Review
, Nov.-Dec. 1978.

118 ‘Finis for the American Challenge?’,
Economist
, 10 September 1977.

119
The Banker
(London), June 1980; Sampson,
The Moneylenders
, 200–2.

120
Euromoney
, July 1980; quoted by Sampson in
The Moneylenders
, 257.

121 World Bank estimates, December 1981.

122 Richard Baricuck, ‘The Washington Struggle over Multinationals’,
Business and Society Review
, Summer 1976.

123 Paul Hollander, ‘Reflections on Anti-Americanism in our time’,
Worldview
, June 1978.

124 Marx,
A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
, quoted in Maurice Gordelier, ‘Structuralism and Marxism’, in Tom Bottomore (ed.),
Modern Interpretations of Marx
(Oxford 1981).

125 Rostow,
World Economy
, Table III-68, 279.

126 Ernest Gellner,’What is Structuralism?’,
The Times Literary Supplement
, 31 July 1981, 881–3.

20 The Recovery of Freedom

1 Published in London 1945, in New York 1946; see also
Sunday Express
, 21, 28 October, 4 November 1945; David C. Smith:
H.G. Wells: Desperately Mortal
(Yale 1986), 476ff.

2 President Jimmy Carter, Address to the Nation, 16 July 1979.

3 An exception was Adam Smith, who had been Professor of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow University, 1752–64, though he had left academic life by the time he wrote his
The Wealth of Nations
, published in 1776.

4 John Gribbin,
Our Changing Universe: the New Astronomy
(London 1976).

5 Dr Edward Tryon in
Nature
, 246 (1973), 393.

6
Wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie
(Leipzig 1948), quoted by Thomas Kuhn in A.C. Crombie (ed.),
Scientific Change
(London 1963), 348.

7 See Dr John Smythies in
Nature
, March 1991; Robert Matthews in the
Sunday Telegraph
, 17 March 1991; and correspondence in the
Independent
, 21 and 23 March 1991.

8 Quotations from Ayer and Russell are in Bryan Magee,
Modern British Philosophers
(London 1971).

9 See my essay on Russell in
Intellectuals
(London 1988), 197–224.

10 Karl Popper,
Unended Quest: an Intellectual Autobiography
(London 1976).

11 A.C Ewing, ‘The linguistic theory of a priori propositions’,
Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society
, XI 1939–40, 217.

12 W.V.O. Quine,
From a Logical Point of View
(New York 1953).

13 H. Putnam,’Is Logic Empirical?’, in R.S. Cohen (ed.),
Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science
, v 1969.

14 Susan Haack,
Deviant Logic: some philosophical issues
(London 1974),
xi
.

15 J. Jay Zeman,
Modal Logic: the Lewis-modal Systems
(Oxford 1973).

16 David Martin,
The Religious and the Secular
(London 1969).

17 Edward Royle,
Victorian Infidels
(Manchester 1974).

18 John Henry Newman,
The Idea of a University
(London 1953).

19 Michael Bourdeaux,
Gorbachev, Glasnost and the Gospel
(London 1990), 87–108.

20 Vincent C. Chrypinski, ‘Polish Catholicism and Social Change’, in Bociurkiw
et al
. (eds), op. cit., 241–59; Peter Raina,
Political Opposition in Poland 1954–77
(London 1978), 406ff.

21 J.C.H. Aveling,
The Jesuits
(London 1981), 355–65.

22
Annuario Ufficiale
(Vatican City), 1978.

23 Peter Nichols,
The Pope’s Divisions; The Roman Catholic Church Today
(London 1981), 22–38.

24 Ibid., 35ff.

25 Edward Fashole-Like
et al., Christianity in Independent Africa
(London 1979).

26 For a comprehensive summary of the report see the
Daily Telegraph
, Tuesday 12 March 1991.

27 See reports in the press for the week 24 February-2 March 1991, and Christopher Booker in the
Sunday Telegraph
, 24 February 1991.

28 For two views on this process see Ivan Vallier,
Catholicism, Social Control and Modernization in Latin America
(Santa Cruz 1970), and Edward Norman,
Christianity in the Southern Hemisphere
(Oxford 1981).

29 Roger Bastide,
The African Religions of Brazil
(Baltimore 1978); J.H. Rodrigues,
Brazil and Africa
(Berkeley 1965).

30 Bengt G.M. Sundkler,
Zulu Zion and Some Swasi Zionists
(Oxford 1976).

31 For a discussion of the battle between Orthodox fundamentalism and secularism in Israel see Emile Marmorstein,
Heaven at Bay: the Jewish Kulturkampf in the Holy Land
(Oxford 1969); see also Paul Johnson,
A History of the Jews
(London 1987), 546–56.

32 For an account of the background see John Bulloch,
Death of a Country: Civil War in Lebanon
(London 1977).

33 William Forbis,
Fall of the Peacock Throne
(New York 1980), 45.

34 Kayhan Research Associates,
Iran’s Fifth Plan
(Teheran 1974); Jahangir Amuzegar,
Iran: an Economic Profile
(Washington DC 1977).

35 Forbis, op. cit., 237ff.

36 Ibid., 73-*.

37 Grace Goodell, ‘How the Shah De-Stabilized Himself,
Policy Review
(Washington, DC), Spring 1981.

38 Forbis, op. cit., 259–61.

39 Goodell, op. cit.

40 Forbis, op. cit., 74.

41 Michael A. Ledeen and William H. Lewis, ‘Carter and the Fall of the Shah’,
Washington Quarterly
, Summer 1980.

42 Shahrough Akhavi,
Religion and Politics in Contemporary Iran: Clergy-State Relations in the Pahlavi Period
(New York 1980).

43 Figures given by the former Iran Bar Associations in a letter to the UN Secretary-General, August 1981.

44 See report by Amir Taheri,
Sunday Times
, 23 August 1981.

45
Sunday Times
, 6 September 1981.

46 For Saddam Hussein’s family background and childhood see John Bulloch, ‘The Violent Boy from Al-Ouja’, in the
Independent on Sunday
, 6 January 1991.

47
The Times
and
Daily Telegraph
, 15 February 1989.

48 For different versions of Soviet involvement see M.E. Yapp in
The Times Literary Supplement
, 3 July 1981, 753, and 25 September 1981, 1101, and Anthony Arnold,
The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in Perspective
(Stanford 1981), 68–71.

49 John Griffiths,
Afghanistan: Key to a Continent
(London 1981).

50
The Times
, 21 January 1980.

51
Daily Telegraph
, 21 February 1980.

52 Nancy Peabody Newell and Richard S. Newell,
The Struggle for Afghanistan
(Cornell 1981).

53 Quoted in Cecil Kaye,
Communism in India
, edited by Subodh Roy (Calcutta 1971), 272.

54 Hélène Carrère d’Encausse,
Decline of an Empire: the Soviet Socialist Republics in Revolt
(tr. New York 1979), 239.

55 Ibid., 237, 240.

56 Lenin,
Imperialism
, preface to 1921 edition.

57 Carrère d’Encausse, op. cit., 122–3, and 42–3 for nationalities map.

58 Ibid., 155.

59 This was particularly true of the 1960s and 1970s; see Brian Silver; ‘The status of national minority languages in Soviet education: an assessment of recent changes’,
Soviet Studies
, 25 No. 1 (1974).

60 Y. Bilinsky, ‘Politics, Purge and Dissent in the Ukraine’, in L. Kamenetsky (ed.),
Nationalism and Human Rights: Processes of Modernization in the USSR
(Colorado 1977); P. Botychnyi (ed.),
The Ukraine in the Seventies
(Oakville, Ontario 1975), 246; Carrère d’Encausse, op. cit., 170–1, 180 (Table 37).

61 Msksudov, op. cit.; Carrère d’Encausse, op. cit., 50–1.

62 Carrère d’Encausse, op cit., 67ff.

63 Ibid., 173–4.

64 This was the view of John D. Durand, ‘The Modern Expansion of World Population’,
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
, III (June 1967), 136–59; but demographic projections are notoriously liable to error.

65 Rostow,
World Economy
, Table I–13, 25.

66 UN
Demographic Yearbook 1971; Washington Post
and
Wall Street Journal
, 10 July 1980.

67 See
Whitaker’s Almanac
for 1988, 1989, 1990;
Chronicle of the Year 1989
(London 1990).