Modern Times: The World From the Twenties to the Nineties (181 page)

Germany, East, 582, 586, 759–60, 763

Germany, West, 580–6

Gero, Ernö, 334

Gershwin, George, 227

Gesamtkunstwerk
, 113

Gestapo, 284, 286, 290, 297, 301, 303, 346, 353, 373

Gestapu
, 480

Ghana, 511–13, 517, 518, 531, 541, 542, 727

Ghori, Emile, 481

Gibson, Wilfrid, 163

Gide, André, 8, 337, 580, 593

Gingembre, Léon, 592

Giolitti Giovanni, 99

Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 532, 692

Gisevius, Hans, 288, 298

Glasgow riots (1919), 38

glasnost
, 755

Globke, Dr Hans, 290, 585

Goebbels, Joseph, 278, 283, 284, 290, 291, 293, 319, 321, 341, 379, 405, 412

Goering, Hermann, 282, 283, 284–5, 286, 289, 290, 291, 297, 298, 321, 376, 405, 414

Gold, Harry, 458

Gold Coast (now Ghana), 511

gold standard, 164, 235–6

Goldstein Moritz, 121

Goldwater, Barry, 634, 651

Gollancz, Victor, 336, 421

Golos, Jacob, 458

Gombös, Julius, 95

Gonzalez, Felipe, 746

‘Good Neighbour’ policy, 616

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 720, 755–7, 759, 765–8

Gorenev, General Wilhelm, 109

Gorky, Maxim, 50, 51, 88, 242, 306

Gorshkov, Admiral, 683–4

Gosplan, 94

Government of India Act (1935), 469, 470

Goya, Francisco José de, 339

Gramsci, Antonio, 97, 213

Granada, 328

Grant, Duncan, 29

Grant, Madesan, 203, 206

Grau San Martin, Ramón, 619, 620, 623

Graves, Robert, 163

Grayson, Admiral Gary, 33

Great Crash, 231, 240–1

Great Depression, 40, 231, 232, 240–1, 243– 54, 277, 295, 344, 671

Great Leap, 545, 550–2

Great Society, 17, 639, 643, 658

Great Soviet Encyclopedia
, 454

Great Terror, 300–8, 335, 412

Great War -
see
First World War

Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere, 187, 389

Greece, 439, 610–12; German occupation, 374; murdered Jews from, 415; civil war, 434, 611; Marshall Aid to, 440; social and economic progress, 611–12

Greene, Felix, 544, 545

Greenglass, David, 458

Greenham Common, 753

greenhouse effect, 774–5

Grenada, 751–2

Grenfell, Julian, 19, 162

Grew, Joseph, 314, 388, 389, 393

Grey, Rev. Herbert, 350

Griffith, D.W., 203

Gromyko, Andrei, 674

Gropius, Walter, 113

Grosz, George, 112, 115

Group Areas Act (South Africa, 1950), 523

Groves, General Leslie, 408, 425

Gruber, Ruth, 483

Guadalcanal, 402, 410, 423

Guderian, General Heinz, 378

Guernica, 335–6

Guertner, Franz, 289

Guevara, Che, 622, 627

guilt-feelings, 11, 41, 165, 691, 692

Guinea, 507, 532, 541

Gujarat, 569

Gulag Archipelago, 69, 300, 385, 452, 519

Gulf War, Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, 733, 768–74

Haber, Fritz, 294

Haganah, 482, 483, 485, 487

Haggerty, Jim, 461, 462

Haile Selassie, 539

Haldane, J.B.S., 348

Haldeman, Bob, 651, 652

Haider, General Franz, 375, 379

Halsey, Admiral William F., 398

Hamaguchi, Yuko, 185, 186

Hamburg, 112; air raids on, 403

Hamilton, W.D., 779

Hammarskjöld, Dag, 493–5, 514, 515–16, 536, 537, 666, 689

Hammerstein, Oscar, 227

Hamouda, Ait, 497

Hanfstaengel, Ernst, 137

Hankey, Sir Maurice, 31, 41

Hankow, 195

Hara, Takashi, 183, 185

Harburg, E.Y., 227

Hardallah, David, 541, 542

Harden, Maximilian, 116, 125

Harding, Warren, 34, 204, 214–19, 234, 241, 258

Harrer, Karl, 124

Harriman, Averell, 435, 436

Harriman, Henry, 249

Harrington, Michael, 638

Harrod, Roy, 169

Hart, Lorenz, 227

Harvey, Oliver, 385

Hashimoto, General Gun, 316

Hatch Act (US, 1939), 457

Hauptmann, Gerhart, 113

Havel, Vaclav, 715, 760

Hawke, Bob, 746

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 226

Hawtrey, Sir Ralph, 235, 237

Hayek, F.A., 237

Hays, Will, 204

Heidegger, Martin, 143, 306, 576, 577

Heimwehren
, 95

Held, Heinrich, 288

Helms, Richard, 625

Helsinki Accords (1975), 673, 680

Hemingway, Ernest, 226, 327, 337

Henderson, Arthur, 309

Hermes, Andreas, 581

Hernández, Jesús, 333

Herriot, Edouard, 139

Herstalt Bank, 669

Herter, Christian, 27

Herzen Alexander, 677

Hess, Rudolf, 288, 290

Hewart, Sir Gordon, 162

Heydrich, Reinhard, 287, 292, 298, 375, 414

Hilferding, Rudolf, 153

Hiller, Kurt, 8

Himmler, Heinrich, 287–8, 292, 296, 297–8, 304, 321, 414, 416, 418, 419, 421, 481

Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul von, 110, 111, 281, 283, 284, 291, 297, 299

Hintze, Admiral Paul von, 72

Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 176, 185, 388, 390–1, 402, 425, 426

Hiroshima, 409, 425–6

Hiss, Alger, 257, 458

historical determinism, 54, 129, 435, 695

Hitler, Adolf: shock at 1918 defeat, 104; anti-Semitism, 122, 132–3, 278, 292, 305, 342–3, 348; compared with Lenin, 128–31; belief in race as revolutionary principle, 129, 342; romantic-artistic approach, 129–32, 284, 546; oratorical style, 131–2; political education, 132–3; belief in eastward expansion, 133, 136, 287, 357, 381–2; creation of National Socialist Party, 133–4; attempt to take over Bavaria, 135; imprisonment in Landsberg, 135–7; release, 277; as authoritarian leader, 278, 279; support from academics and business, 281; underestimated by Left and Right, 281–2; Chancellor, 283; setting up of totalitarian state, 284–92, 295–6; eastern extermination and settlement policy, 287, 305, 342–3, 380–2, 413–15, 416, 418–19, 522; inconsistent domestic policies, 292–3; lack of economic policy, 293, 294; decision to rearm, 293, 294–5; attitude to business and industry, 293—4; destruction of
SA
leadership, 296–9, 319; sole master of Germany, 299; as enemy of intelligentsia, 306–6; admirers of, 306; remilitarization of Rhineland, 320, 349, 351–2; admiration for Mussolini, 321; denounces treaty with Poland, 338, 357; programme for world domination, 341–4, 375; race-theory, 342–3, 522; derides Roosevelt’s proposal for non-aggression guarantees, 345, 358; rearmament, 346, 351, 352, 357; apologists for, 349; faultless conduct of foreign and military policy, 350–6; takes over army, 352; invades Austria, 353; plans invasion of Czechoslovakia, 353–5; Munich triumph, 355; misinterprets Franco-British attitude, 357; preparations for Polish dismemberment, 357–62; wish to avoid war of attrition, 358; ‘gangster’ pans with Mussolini and Stalin, 358–62; outbreak of war, 362; as Generalissimo, 362—4; conquest of France, 364–6; failure to understand British determination, 366–7; drawn into Mediterranean war, 373–4; Russian campaign, 375–80, 384, 385; mismanagement of campaign, 378–9; lost control of war, 386; declares war on US, 386–7; use of ballistic missiles, 405–6, 409; decision to fight to finish, 410–15; bunker existence and death, 412–13

Hitler’s Secret Book
, 342

Ho Chi Minh, 149, 476, 631, 632

Ho Ying-chin, General, 316

Hobson, J.A., 152–3, 167

Hocksckulring
movement, 127

Hoess, Rudolf, 296, 414, 415, 416

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 204

Home Owners’ Loan Act (US, 1932), 255

homosexuality, 782

Honecker, Erich, 759–60

Hong Kong, 729–30, 735

Hook, Sidney, 252

Hoover, Herbert, 16, 214, 215, 216, 232, 235, 238, 310, 651; and post-war relief, 93, 242; financial and economic policy, 234, 244–6, 256; as Wonder Boy, 229, 242, 243; misrepresentation of, 241, 243–4, 250; contrast with Roosevelt, 251-4, 256

Hopkins, Harry, 257, 392, 433

Houphouét-Boigny, Félix, 150, 527

House, Colonel Edward, 23, 24, 27, 105

House, Un-American Activities Committee, 643, 647

Howard, Leslie, 398

Hsing Chung Hui, 191

Hsuchow, 446

Hua Kuo-Feng, 563–4, 565

Huberman, Leo, 628

Hugenberg, Alfred, 116, 281, 282, 283, 286

Hughes, Charles Evans, 215

Hughes, W.M., 173

Hull, Cordell, 345, 370, 371, 392, 394

Human Rights, Declaration on (1945), 520

‘human rights’ policy, 520, 671, 680

Humphrey, Hubert, 257

‘hundred flowers’ campaign, 549, 556

Hungary, 37, 39, 242, 373; national socialism in, 95; murdered Jews from, 415, 421; Communist dictatorship, 434, 437; Soviet invasion, 475, 494; market system, 727; end of Communist rule, 759, 763

Hunter, Lord, 46

Hurgronje, C. Snouck, 478

Hussein, Saddam, 713–15, 769, 772, 773–4

Husseini, Mohammed Amin al-(Grand Mufti of Jerusalem), 477, 481, 485–6, 497

Hussong, Friedrich, 115

Hutten, Ulrich von, 305

Huxley, Aldous, 8, 168, 350

Huxley, Julian, 276

Hyderabad, 474

Ibarruri, Dolores, 325

Ibn Saud, 484

Ickes, Harold, 392, 402

Ikki, Kita, 184

Immigration Act (US, 1921), 215

Immorality Act (South Africa, 1949), 523

Imperial Rule Assistance Association, 390

imperialism, 40–8, 153–62; conspiracy theory of, 153, 154–5; as result of under- consumption, 152–3; American, alleged, 690, 693–4; British, 346–7, 468–70, 473; French, 148–51, 154; Japanese, 173, 186–9; Soviet, 76–7, 720–2

independence -
see
decolonization; self-determination

India, 41–2, 474–6; Montagu reforms, 42, 45, 346, 469, 510; aim of self-government, 42, 347, 510; Punjab riots, 44, 45–7; industry, 157; decadence and disturbance, 346–7; progress to independence, 469–74; Gandhiism, 470–2; partition, 473–4, 567; post-independence problems, 568–74; war with Pakistan, 569; corruption, 570, 571; population, 572, 724; police atrocities, 572; economy, 573, 725; nuclear power, 686; religious extremism, 707

Indian Independence Act (1947), 470

‘Indian National Army’, 469

‘indicative planning’, 587, 591

Indo-China, 149, 154, 391, 590; war, 631–7, 651, 654; Communist social engineering, 654–7

Indonesia, 478–80, 671, 727, 736

Indus trial Conciliation Act (South Africa, 1925), 521

Industrial Relations Act (1971), 602

Industrial Workers of the World, 216

inflation, 35, 233, 234, 236–8; American, 233, 236–8, 660–1, 664; British, 603; Chilean, 737; Chinese, 445–6; French, 141, 142; German, 134, 136; Russian, 93

intellectual life, 6, 8–10, 698; British, 166–72; French, 142–3, 575–7; German, 112–16

Inter-Allied Commission of Control, 139

inter-tribal racism, 527–8, 534

international brigades, 330

International Military Tribunal (1945), 427–8

International Monetary Fund, 603, 659

international money system, 281, 659, 660, 663–5

International Peace Campaign (Brussels, 1937), 337

‘International War Crimes tribunal’ (Stockholm, 1967), 635

interventionism, economic, 234–5, 244, 245–7, 251, 254–7

Inukai, Ki Tsuyoshi, 185, 186

Invergordon mutiny (1931), 310

investment, and colonialism, 152–3, 154, 155, 514

investment-trusting, 239

IRA
(Irish Republican Army), 688, 715

Iran, 418, 665, 673; in ‘northern tier’, 489; overthrow of Shah, 710–13; Khomeini’s rule, 713, 716–17; war with Iraq, 713–14, 772; agriculture, 727

Iraq, 43, 713; nuclear weapons, 686, 714; war with Iran, 713–14, 772; Saddam Hussein’s rule, 713–15; growing threat from, 716; agriculture, 727; Gulf War, 768–74

Irgun, 482, 483, 486

Ishihara, Lieut.-Colonel Kanji, 202

Islam, Muslims, 706–8, 709, 710, 713, 716–17, 720

Israel: creation of, 484–5; conflict with Arabs, 485–7, 489, 491–2, 494, 666; and Suez crisis, 491–2, 494; six-day war with Egypt, 666, 684; Syrian-Egyptian attack on, 668; Yom Kippur War, 668; as nuclear power, 686, 687; destroys Iraqi reactor, 686, 714; ‘racist’, 690; ultra-Orthodoxy in, 707; peace with Egypt, 708, 709; immigration, 709; invasion of Lebanon, 709–10; and Gulf War, 772

Itagaki, Seishiro, 202, 468

Italy, 35, 56–8; Fascism in, 96–7, 98–9, 319; socialist attempt to take over state, 97–8; violence, 98–9; Fascist take-over, 90–100, 101; renaissance, 103; collaboration with Germany, 319–21; invasion of Abyssinia, Italy 320–1, 351; ‘Pact of Steel’, 359; defeat in Second World War, 410; post-war, 577, 579

Ito, Prince, 176, 179, 182, 185

Ivory Coast, 507, 514, 527, 542, 727

Iwalcuro, Colonel, 389

Iwojima, 423

James, David, 185, 427

James, Henry, 226, 240

Jameson, Storm, 350

Janata Party, 569, 571

JAP
(Juventudes de Acción Popular), 324

Japan, 14, 21, 398; naval power, 172–3, 174; alliance with Britain, 173–4, 175, 188; entry into modern world, 176–8; national attributes, 178; revolutionary progress, 178–9; weaknesses due to archaism, 179-82; lack of system of fixed law, 179–80; and moral relativism, 180, 181; state religion and ruling morality, 180–1; introduction of Western political institutions, 181–4; bastard feudalism, 182; totalitarianism, 183, 311–12, 317–18, 427; corruption, 183; secret societies, 183–5; political assassination, 184, 185–6; failure of constitutional government, 186–7; aim of territorial expansion, 186–90; attack and demands on China, 187, 190, 201–2; ending of alliance with Britain, 188; leaves League, 310; rejection of rule of law, 312; occupation of Manchuria, 310, 311, 313; warring factions, 313–14; attempted military coup, 314–15; disastrous war with China, 315–16, 318, 388; military control of policy, 317–18; atrocities, 318; attack on America, and Pacific War, 386–97, 422–7; calamitous defeats, 396, 410, 423-4; irrational strategy, 423; Allied mass bombing of, 424, 425; atomic bombing of, 425–6, 429; surrender, 426–7; prisoner-of-war camps, 427–8; trial of war criminals, 428–9; occupation, 447, 719; reversal of US policy towards, 447; unlikely to join nuclear club, 686; population, 723, post-war reconstruction, 729–35, 736; investment in Britain, 732–3; privatization, 745; investment in America, 749