Jerusalem: The Biography (97 page)

Jewish Jerusalem: Selim, Suleiman reigns, sees Wailing Wall as place of worship – in 1488 Rabbi Obadiah does not mention Western Wall as site of prayer but Rabbi Israel Ashkenazi in 1520 says he prayed there and by 1572 Rabbi Isaac Luria was praying there: Miriam Frenkel, ‘The Temple Mount in Jewish Thought’, in
Sacred Esplanade
351. Rabbi Moses of Basola, in Peters,
Jerusalem
483–7; House of Pilate, one synagogue, David Reubeni of Arabia 490–2; population 484. Asali,
Jerusalem
204. Yusuf Said al-Natsheh, ‘Uninventing the Bab al-Khalil Tombs: Between the Magic of Legend and Historical Fact’,
JQ
22–3, Autumn/Winter 2005.

Franciscans: Boniface of Ragusa, St Saviour’s, Way of Cross develops: Horn,
Ichnographiae Monumentorum Terrae Sanctae
160–6. Ottoman repairs on Haram: St Laurent,
OJ
415–21. Economy: Amnon Cohen,
Economic Life in Ottoman Jerusalem
1–124.

3
Duke of Naxos: Cecil Roth,
The House of Nasi: The Duke of Naxos
17–28, 75–111; Duke of Mytilene 205. Brenner 142–3. Finkel 161. Bedouin attack: Cohen,
Economic Life in Ottoman Jerusalem
120 and 166. French consuls and constant changes of
praedominium
: Bernard Wasserstein,
Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City
(henceforth Wasserstein) 15–23. Kabbalists such as Shalom Sharabi in Jerusalem: Martin Gilbert,
Jerusalem: Rebirth of a City
125; early Jerusalemites such as Meyugars family. Kuski family from Georgia arrived eighteenth century: conversation with Gideon Avni. Yehuda ha Hasid and Ashkenazi immigrants: Hurva Synagogue, Goldhill,
City of Longing
167. French consul from Sidon, fighting between Christian sects, disdain for Orthodox feigned body of Christ with spices and powders, fancied corpse, tattoos of pilgrims, Holy Fire, Bedlam and burnt beards: Henry Maundrell,
A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem in 1697
80–100 and 125–30. Muslim attitudes to Easter (Feast of Red Egg); and Church: Evliya,
Ottoman Traveller
330–7 and 352. Way of the Cross develops: Peters,
Jerusalem
437.

4
Ridwan and Farrukh, seventeenth century: Zeevi,
Ottoman Century
20–5; Ridwan 35–1; Farrukhs 43–56; downfall 57–61. Ridwan building on Haram,
OJ
831–57. Abdul-Karim Rafeq,
Province of Damascus 1723–83
57. Druze chieftain threatens Palestine: Finkel 179. Suicidal Christians: Peters,
Jerusalem
461. Way of the Lord/Stations of the Cross: Horn,
Ichnographiae Monumentorum Terrae Sanctae
160–86. Sepulchre, Henry Timberlake in Peters,
Jerusalem
508–9; Sanderson 488–90, 510–15. Commerce: George Hintlian, ‘Commercial Life of Jerusalem’, in
OJ
229–34: Cohen,
Sacred Esplanade
211–16. French
praedominium
: Wasserstein 15–23.

5
Christians early seventeenth century. George Sandys,
A Relation of a Journey begun AD 1610
147–9, 154–73. Sandys and American views of Jews and Jerusalem: Hilton Obenzinger,
American Palestine: Melville, Twain, and the Holy Land Mania
14–23. Timberlake in jail: Peters,
Jerusalem
Peters, 511–2; John Sanderson accused of being Jew 512–14. American Puritans, Cromwell, End of Days and conversion: MacCulloch 717–25. Oren,
Power
; Sandys, Bradford and
Mayflower
quotation, early Awakenings 80–3. Mysticism: Evliya,
Ottoman Traveller
330–7. Cohen,
Sacred Esplanade
211–26. Armenian visitor Jeremiah Keomurdjian reports Easter parade led by Pasha of Jerusalem with drums and trumpets: Kevork Hintlian, ‘Travellers and Pilgrims in the Holy Land: The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem in the 17th and 18th Centuries’, in Anthony O’Mahony (ed.),
The Christian Heritage in the Holy Land
149–59. Cromwell, Menasseh bin Israel: Brenner 124–7. Bible as national epic – Thomas Huxley quoted in Tuchman 81; on Sanderson and Timberlake, on Cromwell and return of Jews 121–45. Zeevi,
Ottoman Century
20–5; Ridwan 35–41; Farrukh 43–56; downfall 57–61. Rafeq,
Province of Damascus
57.
Praedominium
: Wasserstein 15–23.

6
Sabbatai: this account is based on Gershom G. Scholem,
Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism
; on G. G. Scholem,
Sabbatai Zevi: The Mystical Messiah
; on David Abulafia,
The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
; on Brenner. Scholem,
Mysticism
3–8,
Zohar
156–9, 205, 243; influence of Spanish exodus and Isaac Luria 244–6; Sabbatai 287–324. Mazower,
Salonica
66–78. Kabbalists such as Shalom Sharabi in Jerusalem: Gilbert,
Rebirth
125. Yehuda ha Hasid, Hurva Synagogue: Goldhill,
City of Longing
167. Sabbatai: Finkel 280.

7
Evliya: portrait is based on Robert Dankoff,
An Ottoman Mentality: The World of Evliya Çelebi
; Evliya Celebi,
An Ottoman Traveller
330–7 including Easter at the church; Jerusalem as the Kaaba of the poor and Dervishes 332; and on Tshelebi,
Travels in Palestine
. Dankoff,
Çelebi
9–10; quote on longest and fullest travel book 9; uncle tomb in Jerusalem 22; education 31; courtier and page of Murad IV 33–46; female circumcision 61; Dervish 117; sex 118–19; unfair executions 139; as Falstaff and shitty martyr 142–5, 151; checking myths on Solomon ropes and Holy Fire 197–8. Evliya,
Travels in Palestine
55–94. Sufism: Mazower,
Salonica
79–82. Sufism and Islamic customs on entering/touring shrines: Ilan Pappe,
Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: the Husaynis 1700–1948
(henceforth Pappe) 26–7. Laxness on Haram, Qashashi,
Jewels on the Excellence of Mosques
quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
496–8. Zeevi
Ottoman Century
quotes criticism of Abu al-Fath al-Dajani on conduct on Haram 25–8. Laxness on Haram: Claudia Ott, ‘The Songs and Musical Instruments of Ottoman Jerusalem’ in
OJ
305. Ill-treatment of Christian pilgrims, Timberlake in jail: Peters,
Jerusalem
511–12. Fighting, Holy Fire: Maundrell,
Journey
80–100, 125–30. Dangers for Jewish pilgrims: Abraham Kalisker quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
525; Ashkenazi Jews immigration 1700, Gedaliah quoted at 526–34; use of Wailing Wall, Moses Yerushalmi and Gedaliah 528. Minna Rozen, ‘Relations between Egyptian Jewry and the Jewish Community in Jerusalem in 17th Century’, in A. Cohen and G. Baer (eds),
Egypt and Palestine
251–65. Cohen,
Sacred Esplanade
216–26. Gilbert,
Rebirth
125. Hurva: Goldhill,
City of Longing
167. Western struggle for
praedominium
: Wasserstein 15–23. Zeevi,
Ottoman Century
20–5; 35–41; 43–56; downfall 57–61. Christian sects, rivalry of Powers and
praedominium
: Mouradian, ‘Les Chrétiens’, in Nicault,
Jérusalem
177–204.

8
Naqib al-Ashraf revolt: Minna Rozen, ‘The Naqib al-Ashraf Rebellion in Jerusalem and its Repercussions on the City’s Dhimmis’,
Journal of Asian and African Studies
18/2, November 1984, 249–70. Adel Manna, ‘Scholars and Notables: Tracing the Effendiya’s Hold on Power in 18th-Century Jerusalem’,
JQ
32, Autumn 2007. Butris Abu-Manneh, ‘The Husaynis: Rise of a Notable Family in 18th-Century Palestine’, in David Kushner (ed),
Palestine in Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social and Economic Transformation
93–100; and Pappe 23–30. Fall of the Ashkenazis: Gedaliah quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
530–4. Ottoman change in attitude to Jews: Finkel 279. Zeevi,
Ottoman Century
75. M. Hawari,
OJ
498–9, shelling of Dome. Gilbert,
Rebirth
125. Goldhill,
City of Longing
167. Jewish pilgrims Abraham Kalisker quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
525; Ashkenazi Jews 526–34; Wall, Moses Yerushalmi, Gedaliah 528. Wasserstein 15–23.

9
The Families/early to late eighteenth century: Adel Manna, ‘Scholars and Notables Tracing the Effendiya’s Hold on Power in 18th Century Jerusalem’,
JQ
32, Autumn 2007. On change of name: Papper 25–38 Illan Pappe, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Husaynis’, Part 1,
JQ
10, Autumn 2000. Butrus Abu-Manneh, ‘The Husaynis: Rise of a Notable Family in 18th Century Palestine’, in David Kushner (ed.).
Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social and Economic Transformation
93–100. Thanks to Adel Manna and also to Mohammad al-Alami and Bashir Barakat for sharing his research into the origins of the Families. Zeevi,
Ottoman Century
63–73. A. K. Rafeq, ‘Political History of Ottoman Jerusalem’,
OJ
25–8. Families, name changes, religious background, Alamis, Dajanis, Khalidis, Shihabis, al-Nammars: Mohammad al-Alami, ‘The Waqfs of the Traditional Families of Jerusalem during the Ottoman Period’, in
OJ
145–57. Hereditary architect dynasty of al-Nammar: Atallah,
OJ
159–90. Lawrence Conrad, ‘The Khalidi Library’, in
OJ
191–209. Sari Nusseibeh,
Country
1–20, killing of two Nusseibeh tax collectors by Husseinis and marriage alliance 52. Nashashibi family Mamluk origins: Burgoyne,
Mamluk Jerusalem
60. Families build monuments on the Haram: Khalwat al-Dajani, Sabil al-Husseini, Sabil al-Khalidi –
OJ
2.963, 966, 968. Alamis and house: author interview with Mohammad al-Alami. On family name changes and origins, Hazem Zaki Nusseibeh,
Jerusalemites
398–9.

Christians and Jews: sects in Sepulchre, food, diseases, squalid lavatories, Greek vomit: Horn,
Ichnographiae Monumentorum Terrae Sanctae
60–78. Bells, strings, lines, 300 people in Sepulchre: Henry Timberlake quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
508–9. Fighting, Holy Fire: Maundrell,
Journey
80–100, 125–30. Church like a prison: Evliya Celebi,
Ottoman Traveller
332. Holy Week riots 1757: Peters,
Jerusalem
540. Ottoman repairs on Haram: St Laurent,
OJ
415–21. Rise of Ayan Notables: Amnon Cohen,
Palestine in the 18th Century
1–10; instability of Ottoman garrison and fighting and debauchery 271–80. Jerusalem promised by Bulutkapan Ali to Russia: Finkel 407–9; treaty 1774 with Russia 378–9. Most evil people: Constantin Volney,
Voyage en Egypte et en Syrie
332.

10
Zahir al-Umar: Rafeq,
OJ
28–9. D. Crecelius, ‘Egypt’s Reawakening Interest in Palestine’, in Kushner,
Palestine in Late Ottoman Period
247–60; Cohen 12–19 and 92, including plan to take Jerusalem, 47; Zahir’s North African troops 285; Vali’s expedition, the
dawra
147–250. Pappe 35–8. Eugene Rogan,
The Arabs: A History
(henceforth Rogan) 48–53. Zahir as ‘first King of Palestine’: Karl Sabbagh,
Palestine: A Personal History
26–46. Bulutkapan Ali: Finkel 407–9; Russia 378–9.