Jerusalem: The Biography (93 page)

18
Holy Fire: Qalanisi 65–7. Martin Gilbert,
Rebirth of a City
160. Shudder with horror – Mujir 67–8. Holy Fire, descriptions in Peters,
Jerusalem
262, including first mention AD 870 of ritual in Bernard
Itinerary
263. Christian pilgrims, including Fulk: David C. Douglas,
William the Conqueror
35–7. Runciman 1.43–9.

19
Hakim, Holy Sepulchre and Death: Gilbert
Rebirth of a City
160. Holy Fire: Mujir 67–8. Holy Fire, descriptions in Peters,
Jerusalem
262, including first mention AD 870 of ritual in Bernard Itinerary 263. Christian pilgrims: Runciman 1.43–9. Fatimid Haram: Kaplony,
Sacred Esplanade
101–31. Qalanisi 65–7. Yahya ibn Said quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
260; Jewish persecutions, loss of subsidy 276. Hiyari in Asali,
Jerusalem
132. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 185–6. Goitein,
Mediterranean Society
1.1–5, 18, 34, 71. On Sweyn, Duke Robert of Normandy: Douglas,
William Conqueror
35–7: Tuchman 3–4. ‘Divinity of Hakim’,
Lebanon
170–1.

20
Al-Zahir and al-Mustansir, rebuilding of Holy Sepulchre, walls, Christian Quarter: Kaplony,
Sacred Esplanade
101–31. Al-Zahir: William of Tyre 1.67–71; walls, Amalfitian hospice, Quarter 1.80–1; area of Muristan rebuilt 2.240–5. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 188. Rebuilding: Peters,
Jerusalem
267; walls of Jerusalem and protection of Christian Patriarchs’ Quarter – Yahya quoted in Peters. Hiyari in Asali,
Jerusalem
132–3.

Christian pilgrimage, al-Mustansir, Jewish viziers: Stillman,
CHE
1.206–7. Norman/Royal/aristocratic pilgrims: Douglas,
William Conqueror 35–7
. German pilgrimage led by Arnold Bishop of Bamberg and bloodbath outside Jerusalem 1064:
Peters, Jerusalem
253. Bloodbath: see Florence of Worcester,
Chronicle
. Age of pilgrims: Runciman 143–9. Christopher Tyerman,
God’s War: A New History of the Crusades
(henceforth Tyerman) 43. Dangers and persecution of Christian pilgrims: William of Tyre 1.71 and 81. Tortures and burst bowels, Urban II quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
251; Jews, al-Zahir security 277. Jewish pilgrimage and travel: Goitein,
Mediterranean Society
1.55–61. Muslim pilgrimage, Nasir-i-Khusrau: all quotations are from Nasir-i-Khusrau,
Diary of a Journey through Syria and Palestine
; on Nasir, Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
137–8, 145–53. Holiness of Jerusalem: Hasson,
Cathedra
1.177–83. Sanctity: Ibn Khaldun 269. Consecration of
haj
from Jerusalem: Duri in Asali, 118. Tustari grand viziers: Mann 1.74–6. Solomon ben Yehuda, gaon of Jerusalem 1025–51 – things ‘so bad like of which didn’t occur since the Jews returned’/on fall of Tustari; Jerusalem threatened by Arab rebels 1024–9; tolerance of al-Zahir of Jews and Karaites: Mann 1.134–6. Gaon and Nasi Daniel ben Azarya in Jerusalem eleven years 1051–62 succeeded as gaon by Elijah Hakkohen – but fled Jerusalem to Tyre: Mann 1.178–80; Arab revolt of Hassan of Banu Jarrah 1.158–71. Treaty with Byzantines: Runciman 1.35–7.

21
Seljuks: Ibn Khaldun 252. Atsiz takes Jerusalem, revolt and storming; Tutush and Ortuqids: Solomon ben Joseph Ha-Kohen, ‘The Turkoman Defeat at Cairo’,
American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
January 1906. Hiyari in Azali,
Jerusalem
135–7. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 186. Joshua Prawer,
Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
7–9. Turkish military tactics: Norman Housley,
Fighting for the Cross: Crusading to the Holy Land
111–14. Ortuq and arrow: Runciman 1.76; Seljuks 1.59. Muslim revival including visit of al-Ghazali and Ibn al-Arabi: Mustafa A. Hiyari in Asali,
Jerusalem
130–7. Dangers and persecution of Christian pilgrims: William of Tyre 1.71. Tortures, Urban II: Peters,
Jerusalem
251; Jews flee to Haifa then Tyre 277. Ruins of Jerusalem sites: Halevi,
Selected Poems of Judah Halevi
, ed. H. Brody 3–7. Maimonides,
Code
28–30. Peters,
Jerusalem
276–9. Muslims: Ghazali quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
279–80 and 409; Mujir 66 and 140; Nusseibeh,
Country
126–7. Popular history of the Seljuks: John Freely,
Storm on Horseback: Seljuk Warriors of Turkey
45–64.

PART FIVE: CRUSADE

1
Crusade, Godfrey, taking of Jerusalem. This account of the Crusades is based on the essential classics Steven Runciman,
The Crusades;
Jonathan Riley-Smith,
The Crusades: A Short History
; Jonathan Riley-Smith,
The First Crusade
; Joshua Prawer,
The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
; Denys Pringle,
The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus
(henceforth Pringle); the works of Benjamin Z. Kedar; and the excellent new books Christopher Tyerman,
God’s War
; Jonathan Phillips,
Holy Warriors
; and Thomas Asbridge,
The Crusades
; along with primary Christian sources William of Tyre, Fulcher of Chartres,
Gesta Francorum
and Raymond d’Aguilers, and Muslim sources Ibn al-Athir, and later Ibn Qalanisi and Usama bin Munqidh; on warfare, Norman Housley,
Fighting for the Cross;
on life in Jerusalem, Adrian Boas,
Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades
.

Raymond and Gesta are quoted in August C. Krey,
The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants
242–62; al-Athir and al-Qalanisi are quoted, unless otherwise sourced, in Francesco Gabrieli,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
(henceforth Gabrieli). Storming: al-Athir, Gabrieli 10–11. Tyerman 109–12. 3,000 dead, smaller massacre: Benjamin Z. Kedar, ‘The Jerusalem Massacre of July 1099 in Western Historiography of the Crusades’, in
Crusades
3 (2004) 15–75. Phillips,
Warriors
24; Asbridge,
Crusades
90–104. 3,000 killed on Haram and women killed in Dome of Chains: Ibn al-Arabi quoted in Benjamin Z. Kedar and Denys Pringle, ‘1099–1187: The Lord’s Temple (Templum Domini) and Solomon’s Palace (Palatium Salomonis)’, in
Sacred Esplanade
133–49. Prawer,
Latin Kingdom
15–33. On Jerusalem image and Holy War: Housley,
Fighting for the Cross
26 and 35–8; massacre 217–19. The Princes of the Crusade: Tyerman 116–25; Crusader psychopaths 87. Fragmentation of Arabs and Islamic city states – see William of Tyre and al-Athir quoted in Tyerman 343 and Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
18. Runciman 1.280–5. Hiyari in Asali,
Jerusalem
137–40.

On Crusader buildings of Jerusalem, thanks to Professor Dan Bahat who gave the author a Crusader tour. On Arnulf morals: B. Z. Kedar, ‘Heraclius’, in B. Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer and R. C. Smail (eds),
Outremer: Studies in the History of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem
182. B. Z. Kedar, ‘A Commentary on the Book of Isaiah Ransomed from the Crusaders’, in
Cathedra
2.320.
OJ
281. Storming and ransoming of Jews: Prawer,
Jews in the Latin Kingdom
19–40. On Jews: Mann 198–201. William of Tyre 1.379–413. The campaign: Tyerman 124–153; storming 155–64; few knights 178. Massacre: al-Athir in Gabrieli 10–11. Storming:
Gesta Francorum
86–91. Fulcher of Chartres,
A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem
1.xxiv and xxxiii and 2.vi. up to bridle reins in blood – quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
285. City population statistics: Tyerman 2–3. Turkish tactics: Housley,
Fighting for the Cross
111–14; Frankish tactics 118–22.

2
Baldwin I. This portrait is based on William of Tyre 1.416–17; Fulcher,
History
; Tyerman 200–7; Runciman 1.314–15 and 2.104, including Baldwin’s wives and Adelaide’s arrival in Jerusalem and Sigurd visit 92–3. ‘Saga of Sigurd’ quoted in Wright,
Early Travellers
50–62.

Building – use of Citadel, spolia from al-Aqsa for Sepulchre: Boas,
Jerusalem
73–80. The Crusader Haram: Kedar and Pringle, ‘1099–1187: The Lord’s Temple (Templum Domini) and Solomon’s Palace (Palatium Salomonis)’,
Sacred Esplanade
133–49. Holy Sepulchre: Charles Couasnon,
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem
19–20. Kroyanker 40–3. N. Kenaan, ‘Sculptured Lintels of the Crusader Church of the Holy Sepulchre’, in
Cathedra
2.325. Runciman 3.370–2. The traditions and calendar, pilgrims: Tyerman 341. Holy Fire – Daniel the Abbott quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
263–5; methesep and administration of city 301. Calendar and rituals: Boas,
Jerusalem
30–2; chief political posts and courts 21–5; coronation 32–5; Golden Gate, on possible Crusader domes 63–4, citing Pringle; Crusader graves on Temple Mount 182; John of Wurzburg says ‘illustrious’ people buried near Golden Gate, Crusader style and workshop on Temple Mount 191–8. Prawer,
Latin Kingdom
97–102 on coronations; True Cross 32–3; crown 94–125. On True Cross: Imad quoted in Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
136. James Fleming,
Biblical Archaeology Review
, January–February 1969, 30. Shanks 84–5. Red tent of king: Runciman 2.458–9; Crusader style 3.368–83. Style and reuse of Herodian stones, citadel and towers: Kroyanker 4, 37–43.

3
Baldwin II: Tyerman 206–8. Gift for kingship: al-Qalanisi, Gabrieli 40. Jerusalem: Bahat,
Atlas
90–101. Royal palaces, palace close to Sepulchre: Boas,
Jerusalem
77–80. Palace: Arnald von Harf quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
355.

On the Orders, this is based on Jonathan Riley-Smith,
The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus 1050–1310
; Piers Paul Read,
The Templars;
Michael Haag,
The Templars: History and Myth
; Boas,
Jerusalem
; and Prawer,
Latin Kingdom
. Templar Temple Mount: Theodorich,
Description of the Holy Places
30–2. Templar traditions, rules: Anonymous Pilgrim quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
323. Military organization, knights, Turcopoles: Tyerman 220, 228 and orders 169. Orders: Boas,
Jerusalem
26–30; Templar Temple Mount, baths 142–60; stables quoting John of Wurzburg and Theodorich (10,000 horses) 163; Hospitallers 156–9. Prawer,
Latin Kingdom
252–79. Orders: Runciman 2.312–14. Crusaders on Temple Mount: Oleg Grabar,
The Dome of the Rock
163. The Crusader Haram: Kedar and Pringle,
Sacred Esplanade
133–49. On Temple Mount: Church on Antonia site, Michael Hamilton Burgoyne,
Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Survey
204–5; Templar Hall on south-west corner of Temple Mount 260–1; Templar Augustinian Canons north of Dome. Single gate with access to Solomon’s Stables:
Archaeological Park
31. On Armenian settlement and rebuilding of St James’s Cathedral after 1141: Dorfmann-Lazarev, ‘Historical Itinerary of the Armenian People in Light of its Biblical Memory’.