Jerusalem: The Biography (94 page)

4
Fulk and Melisende, based on William of Tyre 2.50–93 and 135; character of Melisende 2.283. Tyerman 207–9. Runciman 2.178, 233, 190. Coronation of Jerusalem kings:
Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Old French Continuation of William of Tyre and Sources in Translation
(henceforth
Continuation
) 15. Calendar and rituals: Boas,
Jerusalem
30–2; chief political posts 21–5; coronation 32–5. Prawer,
Latin Kingdom
97–102 on coronations.

Zangi and Edessa: al-Athir, Gabrieli 41–3 and 50–1; character and death 53–5; Qalinisi 44–50; Usamah on life in Zangi army, Zangi king of amirs 38 and 169–71. Zangi: Phillips,
Warriors
75–6; Ibn Jubayr quoted on wedding 47; coronation 56–8; penalties for adultery 60–1; psalter as Fulk’s gift 69–71; Holy Sepulchre 103. Zangi, character: Asbridge,
Crusades
225–7.

5
Usamah bin Munqidh,
The Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades
(henceforth Usamah – scholar, cavalier, Muslim 26; Zangi king of amirs 38; brutality of amirs 169–71; hunting with Zangi 202–3; loss of library 44; importance of Islam and jihad, father 63–4 and 202; Eastern doctors 66; Franks’ medicine 145–6; meetings with Fulk 76–7; goshawk 205–6; pilgrimage to Jerusalem 250; buying hostages 93; meeting Baldwin II 94; father cuts arm off servant 129; Frankish converts to Islam 142–3; nature of Franks’ invitation to Europe 144; at Temple 147–8; women and pubic shaving 148–50; law 151–2; Franks acclimatized to East 153; small things and death 156; victory and God 160.

Description of markets and streets: condition of the city of Jerusalem 1187 quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
298–303. The Crusader Haram: Kedar and Pringle,
Sacred Esplanade
133–49. Commerce: Prawer,
Latin Kingdom
408–9. On Syrian doctors, see William of Tyre on death of Baldwin III and Amaury. Population and adoption of Eastern customs: Fulcher,
History
2.vi, 6–9 and 3.xxxvii. Different peoples in Jerusalem: anonymous pilgrim in Peters 307–8. Ali al-Harawi, on pictures in Dome: Peters,
Jerusalem
313–18. Templars ride out to practise daily: Benjamin of Tudela,
The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela
20–3; see also Wright,
Early Travellers
. Jerusalem in 1165, ‘people of all tongues’, Jews pray at Golden Gate: Benjamin of Tudela quoted in Wright 83–6. Jerusalem 1103: Saewulf quoted in Wright,
Early Travellers
31–9. On festivals, City of Jerusalem guide and al-Harawi: Peters
Jerusalem
, 302–18.

On Armenian settlement and rebuilding of St James’s Cathedral after 1141: Dorfmann-Lazarev, ‘Historical Itinerary of the Armenian People in Light of its Biblical Memory’. On Melisende building, settlement, Armenians under Crusades: Kevork Hintlian,
History of the Armenians in the Holy Land
18–23 and 25–8. On Armenian settlement of refugees – thanks to George Hintlian. Armenian Quarter develops: Boas,
Jerusalem
39. Crusader plans for Bab al-Silsila St Giles Church: author’s visit to Temple Tunnels, guided by Dan Bahat. Crusader churches on Bab al-Silsila: Burgoyne,
Mamluk Jerusalem
443 and on site of Antonia 204–5. On Melisende Fulk regime: Tyerman 206–11. Runciman 2.233. On building: Grabar, Dome of Rock grille 167. On churches: see Pringle. Building – use of Citadel, spolia from al-Aqsa for Sepulchre: Boas,
Jerusalem
73–80. Kedar and Pringle,
Sacred Esplanade
133–49. Holy Sepulchre: Couasnon,
Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem
19–20. Kroyanker 40–3. Kenaan, ‘Sculptured Lintels of the Crusader Church of the Holy Sepulchre’, in
Cathedra
2.325.

Burial rites and shrines as theatre: Jonathan Riley-Smith, ‘The Death and Burial of Latin Christian Pilgrims to Jerusalem and Acre, 1099–1291’,
Crusades
7 (2008): burial sites, holy places as stage-sets, including quote from Riley-Smith, on burial of Beckett’s murderers. Death in Jerusalem/Mamilla: Prawer,
Latin Kingdom
184. Boas,
Jerusalem
181–7, including Aceldama and burial on Temple Mount of Frederick, Advocate of Regensburg, died 1148; Conrad Schick found bones near Golden Gate. Archery practice, Boas,
Jerusalem
163.

Psalter, arts: Prawer,
Latin Kingdom
416–68. Runciman 3.383. See also J. Folda,
Crusader Art: The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, 1099–1291
. Population and dress of military orders and Jerusalemites: Boas, 26–30 and 35–40. Tavern with chains: conversations with Dan Bahat. Life in Jerusalem, baths, Venetian and Genoese streets,
poulains
: Runciman 2.291–3.

Life and luxury, turbans, furs, burnous, baths, pork, Ibelin Beirut palace: Tyerman 235–40. Maps and vision of Jerusalem: fourteen maps of Frankish Jerusalem, eleven of them round, usually with the cartographic convention of the cross within a circle on the streets: Boas,
Jerusalem
39 in royal palace on Cambrai map. Royal palace: Prawer,
Latin Kingdom
110–11.

Sex and women on Crusade: Housley,
Fighting for the Cross
174–7. Whores in Outremer – Imad al-Din quoted in Gabrieli 204–5. Muslims: Ali al-Harawi quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
381. Jews – visit of Judah Halevy: Brenner 88–90. Prawer,
History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom
144.
Selected Poems of Judah Halevi
, trans. Nina Salaman; also see Peters,
Jerusalem
: 278.

Runciman 3.370–2. The traditions and calendar, pilgrims: Tyerman 341. Holy Fire – Daniel the Abbott quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
263–5, methesep and administration of city 301. Calendar and rituals: Boas, 30–2; 21–5; 32–5. Prawer,
Latin Kingdom
97–102; True Cross 32–3; crown: 94–125. On True Cross: Imad quoted in Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
136.

Golden Gate: Boas, 63–4; Crusader graves 182; Temple Mount 191–8. J. Fleming,
Biblical Archaeology Review
January–February 1969, 30. Shanks 84–5. Red tent of king: Runciman 2.458–9; Crusader style 3.368–83. Style and reuse of Herodian stones: Kroyanker 4, 37–43. Dome of Rock: Ali al-Harawi quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
318.

Zangi, character, deathbed witness, Asbridge,
Crusades
225–7. Hamilton A. R. Gibb, ‘Zengi and the Fall of Edessa’, in M. W. Baldwin (ed.),
The First Hundred Years
, vol. 1 of K. M. Setton (ed. in chief),
A History of the Crusades
449–63.

6
Second Crusade: Qalinisi quoted in Gabrieli 56–60; al-Athir 59–62. William of Tyre: on Eleanor and Raymond 2.180–1; on debacle of Damascus 2.182–96. Zangi’s character, death: Asbridge,
Crusades
225–7. Gibb, ‘Zengi and the Fall of Edessa’, in Baldwin,
First Hundred Years
449–63.

The most recent account is Jonathan Phillips,
The Second Crusade
207–27. On Louis and Eleanor: Ralph V. Turner,
Eleanor of Aquitaine
70–98. Tyerman 329–37. Fourteen maps of Frankish Jerusalem, Boas,
Jerusalem
39. Royal palace: Prawer,
Latin Kingdom
110–11. On Church of Holy Sepulchre, this account and analysis is closely based on Riley-Smith, ‘Death and Burial of Latin Christian Pilgrims to Jerusalem and Acre, 1099–1291’,
Crusades
7 (2008); Pringle; Folda,
Crusader Art
, Couasnon,
Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem
19–20; Kroyanker 40–3; Kenaan,
Cathedra
2.325; Boas,
Jerusalem
73–80; Runciman 3.370–2.

7
Baldwin III: character, William of Tyre 2.137–9; the account of his reign is based on 2.139–292; death and grief 2.292–4. Tyerman 206–8. Runciman 2.3.334, 2.242, 2.361–3; Ortuqids attack 2.337; Ascalon 2.337–58. Nur al-Din and Sunni revival: Qalinisi 64–8. Tyerman 268–73. Asbridge,
Crusades
229–33. Nur al-Din polo: Phillips,
Warriors
110. Hamilton A. R. Gibb, ‘The Career of Nur-ad-Din’, in Baldwin,
First Hundred Years
513–27. On Andronicus: Bernard Hamilton,
The Leper King and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
(henceforth
Leper
) 173–4.

8
Amaury and Agnes, sleaziness of Jerusalem politics:
Leper
26–32. Tyerman 208–10. Amaury builds Royal Palace: Boas,
Jerusalem
82. On Egyptian strategy/negotiations with Assassins:
Leper
63–75. Five Egyptian invasions: Tyerman 347–58; Syrian doctors 212. Runciman 2.262–93; death of kings 2.398–400. Overmighty military orders – e.g. Hospitallers vs patriarch, William of Tyre 2.240–5; Templar disobedience to Amaury. Agnes married Reynard of Marash; engaged to Hugh of Ibelin; married Prince Amaury then Hugh of Ibelin then Reynard of Sidon, who divorced her; lovers allegedly included Amaury of Lusignan and Heraclius the Patiarch: Runciman 2.362–3, 407.

9
William of Tyre: life and link with Usamah’s library: Introduction, William of Tyre 1.4–37. Usamah’s books 44. Baldwin IV, leprosy: William of Tyre 2.397–8.
Leper
26–32.

10
Moses Maimonides: this account is based on Joel L. Kraemer,
Maimonides: The Life and World of One of Civilisation’s Greatest Minds
; refusal to serve Crusader king probably between 1165 and 1171, 161; Jerusalem visit 134–41; Fatimid doctor 160–1; doctor of Qadi al-Fadil and then Saladin 188–92; al-Qadi al-Fadil 197–201; Saladin’s doctors 212 and 215; fame and court life – doctor of al-Afdal 446; Taki al-Din/sex life 446–8. Prawer,
History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom
142. Did Maimonides pray in the Dome of the Rock?: Kedar and Pringle believe he did –
Sacred Esplanade
133–49. Benjamin of Tudela on Jewish dyers, David’s Tomb and Alroy: see Wright,
Early Travellers
83–6, 107–9. Michael Brenner,
Short History of the Jews
(henceforth Brenner), on Alroy 80; on Maimonides 90–92.

11
Books/Usamah, William of Tyre 1.4–37. Usamah, 44. Baldwin IV, leprosy: William of Tyre 2.397–8.
Leper
26–32.

12
Baldwin IV. Death of Nur al-Din – al-Athir, in Gabrieli 68–70. William of Tyre, death of kings, 2.394–6; succession and symptoms 2.398–9. Along with William of Tyre, this is based on
Leper
32–197; on leprosy see article by Dr Piers D. Mitchell in
Leper
245–58. Heraclius and mistress, child:
Continuation
43–5. Tyerman 216. Heraclius debauchery unfairly exaggerated – for a more positive view see B. Z. Kedar in Kedar, Mayer and Smail (eds),
Outremer
177–204. W. L. Warren,
King John
: Heraclius’ tour and Prince John, 32–3. Burial of Baldwin V and sarcophagus: Boas,
Jerusalem
180. Tyerman 210–13 and 358–65. Runciman 2.400–30. Reynard of Chatillon:
Leper
104–5. Reynald raids Mecca caravan and takes Saladin’s sister:
Continuation
29.