Jerusalem: The Biography (89 page)

Jerusalem in Jesus’ time. Many nations: Acts 2.9–11. Daniel-Rops,
Daily Life in Palestine in the Time of Christ
80–97. MacCulloch 91–6. Palatial Mansion and
mikvah
s, see
Archeological Park
. Bahat,
Atlas
40–53 and 54–8. Adiabene queen and Jewish kingdom in Iraq: JA 18.310–77. Queen Helena: JA 20.17–96. Goodman 65. Ossuaries: Tabor 10. Son of Man: Daniel 7.13. Upper Room/Last Supper/Pentecost Holy Spirit: Mark 14.15, Acts 1.13–2.2. Patrich,
Sacred Esplanade
37–73. For Jesus’ movements in city: see Shimon Gibson,
The Final Days of Jesus
, especially map facing 115; entry into city 46–9; Last Supper 52–5; Gethsemane 53–5; Gibson’s research and excavations on the pools of Bethesda and Siloam, showing that they may have been
mikvah
purification pools 59–80; arrest 81–2. Healings at the pools: John 5.1–19 and 9.7–11. Caiaphas in John 11.50. Conversations with Ronny Reich and Eli Shukron on excavations of the first-century Siloam Pool.

48
Pilate: JA 18.55–63; Samaritan disturbances JA 18.85–95. Pilate’s violence: Philo quoting Agrippa I in Sartre 114–15; Goodman 403. See also Daniel R. Schwartz, ‘Josephus, Philo and Pontius Pilate’, in
Cathedra
3.26–37. (On Pilate’s actions, Philo says it was shields; Josephus says military standards.) Philo,
Works
, vol. 10, Embassy to Gaius 37.301–3. Trial: John 18–19 and Mark 14 and 15. Daughters of Jerusalem: Luke 23.28. Powers of Sanhredrin/trial: Goodman 327–31, including Josephus quotation and other examples such as sentencing of James brother of Jesus in AD 62. Barabbas: Mark 15.7. Insurrection, Pilate, Siloam: Luke 13.1–4. Herod and Pilate: Luke 23.12. Arrest and trial: Gibson,
Final Days of Jesus
81–106. MacCulloch 83–96.

49
Crucifixion: this account of technique and death is based on Joe Zias, ‘Crucifixion in Antiquity’ on
www.joezias.com
. Crucifixion, nakedness, burial and new shroud evidence discovered by Shimon Gibson:
Final Days of Jesus
107–25 and 141–7; tomb 152–65. This account is based on John 19–20, Mark 15, Matthew 28. JW 7.203 and 5.451. Tabor 246–50. Resurrection: quotation from Luke 24. Matthew 27–8. Mark 16. Caiaphas: Matthew 27.62–6 and 28.11–15. Judas, silver and Potters Field: Matthew 27.5–8 and Acts 1.16–20. Removal of body: Matthew 27.62–4, and 28.11–15 for story of priests offering guards bribes to claim disciples removed the body. Gospel of Peter (probably dating from early second century) 8.29–13.56 in which a crowd surrounds the tomb, then two men remove the body: for analysis, see Freeman,
New History of Early Christianity
20–1 and 31–8. Resurrection to Ascension: John 20–1 (including Doubting Thomas).

James the Just as leader, early days of sect: Acts 1–2 and Galatians 1.19, 2.9, 12. Pentecost and tongues: Acts 2. Beautiful Gate healing: Acts 3. Stephen: Acts 6 and 7; stoning 7.47–60. Saul at death of Stephen/persecutor/conversion and acceptance by Church: Acts 7.58–60 and 8.1–9.28.

Various sources reflect the Jewish Christianity: Gospel of Thomas; Clement of Alexandria; the Ascents of James and the Second Apocalypse of James – all quoted and discussed by Tabor, 280–91. Pilate, Samaritans, downfall: JA 18.85–106. Sartre 114–15. Schäfer 104–5. Lane Fox,
Unauthorized Version
297–9, 283–303. Peters,
Jerusalem
89–99.
Archeological Park
72, 82, 111. Judas, Potter’s Field: Matthew 27.3–8. Tacitus,
Histories
15.44. MacCulloch 92–6. Sartre 336–9. Kevin Butcher,
Roman Syria and the Near East
(henceforth Butcher) 375–80.

50
Herod Agrippa I: JA 18.143–309, 19.1–360. Persecution of James and Peter: Acts 12.20–3. Kokkinos 271–304. Third Wall:
Archeological Park
138. Bahat,
Atlas
35. Sartre 78–9 and 98–101. Approved by Mishnah: Peters,
Jerusalem
96–7. James son of Zebedee and Peter: Acts 11.27–12.1–19. Herod Agrippa reads Deuteronomy: Goodman 83. On Philo, see Philo,
Works
vol. 10, Embassy to Caligula. Goodman 88, 118. Caligula character: Suetonius, Caligula. Claudius expels Jewish Christians/Chrestus: Suetonius, Claudius.

51
Herod Agrippa II and sisters, Claudius, Nero, Poppaea, the procurators: JW 2. 250–70. JA 20.97–222. Goodman 375–82. Kokkinos 318–30. Stewart Perowne,
The Later Herods
160–6. Sartre 79–80.

52
Paul: origins Acts 9–11 and 22–5; Saul at death of Stephen/conversion and acceptance by Church 7.58—60 and 8.1—9.28; return to Jerusalem Acts 11. Quotations from Galatians 11—2.20, 6.11; sin offering 2 Corinthians 5.21; James, Peter, John as ‘pillars’ Galatians 2.6 and 9; Paul’s new Jerusalem, new Israel, Galatians 4.26; on circumcision Philippians 3.2—3; later visit to Jerusalem, arrest, Felix, Agrippa Acts 21—8. Analysis is based on the following: A. N. Wilson,
Paul: The Mind of the Apostle;
MacCulloch 97—106; Freeman,
New History of Early Christianity
47—63; Tabor 292—306; Goodman on Paul’s vast ambition 517—27. James the Just: see Gospel of Thomas and Clement of Alexandria/Eusebius, quoting Hegesippus; the Ascents of James in the Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions; the Second Apocalypse of James – quoted in Tabor 287–91. Apostles in Temple: Acts 2.46, 5.21, 3.1–2. ‘Christian’ first used later in Antioch: Sartre 298, 336–9; Acts 11.26.

53
James the Just: death/succession of Simon. James as priest. Paul: life and conversion Acts 7–11 and 22–5. Eusebius of Caesarea,
Church History: Life of Constantine the Great
2.23. Peters,
Jerusalem
100–7. On James as righteous priest – Hegesippus; succession of Simon, Hegesippus, Epiphanius, Eusebius, Tabor 321–32.

54
Josephus, his life and visit to Rome: Josephus, ‘Life’ 1–17. Book of Revelation: MacCulloch 103–5; Freeman,
New History of Early Christianity
107–10: the note on Number of the Beast code is based on Freeman 108. Nero persecutions: see Tacitus,
Histories
. Jewish Revolt starts: Josephus, ‘Life’ 17–38. JW 2.271–305. JA 20.97–223, 20.252–66. Goodman 404–18. Perowne,
Later Herods
98–108 and 117–18. Sartre 113–21. Schäfer 114–23. Nero: death of Peter and Paul, citing Origen, Goodman 531.

55
War, Josephus’ defection and Vespasian as emperor including portents: Suetonius, Vespasian 5; Tacitus,
Histories
1.11; Titus and Berenice, Tacitus 2.1–2; emperor/Agrippa II’s support/Berenice in best years and at height of her beauty: Tacitus 2.74–82. JW 2.405–3.340, Josephus defects: JW 3.340–408. War, Gamala and after: JW 4.1–83. Suetonius, Titus 7; wasted a day 8; looks 3. Schäfer 125–9. Sartre 123–7.

PART TWO: PAGANISM

1
Triumph: JW 7.96–162. This analysis of Roman attitudes to Judaism from AD 70 owes much to Goodman 452–5. Tacitus 2.4–5, 5.1–13. Masada: JW 7.163–406 (quotation on Jerusalem is Eleazar in JW). Titus, Agrippa II and Berenice after AD 70: Tacitus 2.2. Suetonius, Titus 7. Cassius Dio quoted in Goodman 459. Agrippa II’s political career: Goodman 458–9; diamond of Berenice quoting Juvenal in Goodman 378. Josephus afer AD 70: Josephus, ‘Life’ 64–76. Last Herodians: Kokkinos 246–50 and 361. Last Herodian under Marcus Aurelius: Avi-Yonah 43.

2
Flavians, Nerva and Trajan. Domitian, Jerusalem and Book of Revelation: Mac-Culloch 103–5. Nerva relaxes Jewish tax: Goodman 469. On Trajan and revolts of 115: Goodman 471–83. Simon, Jesus’ cousin, persecution of House of David, execution 106: Tabor 338–42 quoting Eusebius and Epiphanius as sources on Flavian and Trajan executions of Davidians. Synagogues in Jerusalem: Eusebius,
Church History
4.5. Epiphanius quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
125. Sartre 126–8. Eschatological hopes in Palestine: Sibylline Oracles 4–5; Greek Apocalypse of Baruch III and the Syrian Apocalypse of Baruch II. Zakkai: Schäfer 135–40. Jerusalem: Eusebius quoted in Perowne,
Later Herods
, half city destroyed and seven synagogues, 191. Judaism/ben Zakkai and Jews could live in Jerusalem 70–132: Avi-Yonah 12–54. Trajan: Goodman 471–81, including quote of Appian on Trajan destroying Jews in Egypt; and of Arrian on general destruction of Jews. Jewish revolt: Dio Cassius 68.32.1–2. Eusebius,
Church History
4.2.1–5. Schäfer 141–2. Sartre 127–8. Butcher 45–50.

3
Hadrian: Dio Cassius 69.12.1–13.3. Character both admirable and bad: Anthony R. Birley,
Hadrian the Restless Emperor
301–7, including
Historia Augusta ‘
cruel and merciful’ etc. and
Epitome de Caesaribus ‘
diverse, manifold, multiform’. Frank McLynn,
Marcus Aurelius
26–39. Aelia: Bahat,
Atlas
58–67. Thorsten Opper,
Hadrian: Empire and Conflict –
career 34–68 and bar Kochba 89–97 and Antinous 168–91. Goodman 481–5.
Archeological Park
140. Yoram Tsafrir, ’70–638 CE: The Templeless Mountain’, in
Sacred Esplanade
73–99.

4
Simon bar Kochba/Hadrian: this account is based on Dio Cassius 69.12.1–13.3 and 69.14.1–3; Eusebius,
Church History
4.6 and Justin. See Opper,
Hadrian
89–97, including latest finds from the Cave of Letters. Birley,
Hadrian the Restless Emperor
: influence of Antiochus Epiphanes 228–9; coins on visit to Judea 231; foundation of Aelia 232–4; revolt, bar Kochba 268–78; Book of Numbers/Akiba/ correspondence/ Justin and Eusebius/fall of Betar/plan of new Jerusalem with Hadrian statue on horseback on Holy of Holies with idol of Jupiter from Eusebius, and statue of pig from Jerome, all quoted in Birley. McLynn,
Marcus Aurelius
26–39. Bahat,
Atlas
58–67. Goodman 485–93, including Roman burial of memories of conflict, even more disastrous than the triumphalism of 70, continuity of Hadrian to Severan dynasty meant no incentive to challenge Hadrian’s ethos 496. See also: Yigal Yadin,
Bar-Kokhba –
clothes, keys 66; Babatha documents 235. Avi-Yonah 13, probably took Jerusalem/seventy-five settlements destroyed/ Palestinian Jewish population – 1.3 million. Did Hadrian destroy Temple?: Shanks 47, quoting Chronicon Paschale, Julian, rabbinical references to Third Temple destroyed by Hadrian. Cave resistance: Amos Klauer, ‘Subterranean Hideaways of Judean Foothills’, in
Cathedra
3.114–35. After 335: Sartre 320–5. Post bar Kochba and Simon bar Yohai: Avi-Yonah 15–39, 66. Tsafrir,
Sacred Esplanade
73–99.

5
Hadrianic city/Roman administration: Butcher 135–300, 240–50, 335–45. Sartre 155, 167–9. Archaeological mysteries, Tenth Legion/Roman finds south of Temple Mount, Herodian ashlars in foundations of Hadrianic Temple: Shanks 43–53. Statues of emperors still on Temple Mount for visit of Bordeaux Pilgrim 333: Bordeaux Pilgrim,
Itinerary
592–3. Tsafrir,
Sacred Esplanade
73–99. Deliberate burying of Golgotha: Eusebius,
Life of Constantine
3.26–8. Sozomen,
Church History
2.1, quoted in Peters 137–42. Zalatinos/Alexander Church/Hospice, Hadrianic walls and outside wall of Helena’s Church: author conversations with Gideon Avni and Dan Bahat. Syncretism of Aelia gods: Sartre 303–21. Attitude to Jews and Roman Aelia: Goodman 490–5. Relaxation of Antoninus Pius: Sartre 320–5. Visit of Marcus Aurelius: Goodman 498. Marcus Aurelius: Butcher 46–8. Herodian Governor of Palestina Julius Severus: Avi-Yonah 43–5. Marcus Aurelius in Aelia quoting Ammianus Marcellinus: Goodman 498. Today’s Old City is Hadrianic shape: David Kroyanker,
Jerusalem Architecture
(henceforth Kroyanker) 14. Jews: Visit of Septimus Severus, Caracalla, Judah haNasi: Goodman 496–7, 506–11. Severus: Butcher 48–51. Judaism/Judah haNasi: Sartre 319–35. Visits to Jerusalem, Judah haNasi: Avi-Yonah 50–6, 140; Tanaim and court of Nasi/patriarchs up to Judah the Prince 39–40, 54–75; Jerusalem, rending garments 79–80; Severans and Judah the Prince and small group of Rabbi Meir’s students of Holy Community settle in Jerusalem 77–9. Severus and civil war, Caracalla: Sartre 148–9, 157; Butcher 48–51. Jewish return to Jerusalem: Sartre 321–2; Goodman 501–8. Jewish traditions on Jerusalem, in Tosefta, Amidah etc. quoted in Goodman 576–7. Simon Goldhill,
Jerusalem: A City of Longing
179. Christian beliefs and persecutions: Goodman 512–24. Isaiah Gafni, ‘Reinterment in Land of Israel’, in
Cathedra
1.101. Christianity after 135: Freeman,
New History of Early Christianity
132–41; Ebionites 133; Gnostics 142–54. Early Christians, Gnosticism: MacCulloch 121–37; relations with Roman state 156–88; Christian alternative to Rome 165; Severus, to third-century crisis, Mithraism, Mani, Diocletian 166–76. Joseph Patrich, ‘The Early Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the Light of Excavations and Restoration’, in Y. Tsafrir (ed.),
Ancient Churches Revealed
101–7. Synagogues: seven synagogues; one remained on Mount Zion in AD 333: Bordeaux Pilgrim,
Itinerary
592–3. Epiphanius quoted: Peters,
Jerusalem
125–7. Schäfer 168. Christianity and persecutions and decay of Roman power: Butcher 86–9; revolts against Romans 65–6. Twenty-five changes of emperor in 103 years/Zenobia; Diocletian visits Palestina 286: Avi-Yonah 91–127 and 139–49. Michael Grant,
Constantine the Great
126–34. Sartre 339. On Palmyran empire and Zenobia: P. Southern,
Empress Zenobia: Palmyra’s Rebel Queen
.